Type 2 diabetes

Definition

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose). It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. This condition is often associated with obesity and can lead to serious health complications if not managed properly.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for approximately 90-95% of all diagnosed cases.
2. Risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes include obesity, age, family history, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits.
3. Symptoms may include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing of wounds.
4. Management strategies often involve lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, alongside medications like metformin or sulfonylureas to improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar levels.
5. Long-term complications of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes can include cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, eye problems, and increased risk of infections.

Review Questions

• What are the primary physiological mechanisms that lead to type 2 diabetes?
  • Type 2 diabetes primarily results from insulin resistance, where cells in the body do not respond effectively to insulin. This resistance forces the pancreas to produce more insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Over time, the pancreas may become unable to keep up with the increased demand for insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and eventually developing into type 2 diabetes.
• Discuss how lifestyle modifications can impact the management of type 2 diabetes.
  • Lifestyle modifications play a crucial role in managing type 2 diabetes. A balanced diet low in refined sugars and high in fiber can help stabilize blood glucose levels. Regular physical activity enhances insulin sensitivity and aids in weight loss, further improving blood sugar control. By making these changes, many individuals can reduce their reliance on medications and lower their risk of complications associated with type 2 diabetes.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents compared to insulin therapy in managing type 2 diabetes.
  • Oral hypoglycemic agents are often effective for many patients with type 2 diabetes as first-line treatments since they help lower blood sugar levels without requiring injections. However, as the disease progresses or if glucose levels remain uncontrolled with oral medications alone, insulin therapy may become necessary. Insulin therapy provides more direct control over blood glucose but requires careful management to avoid hypoglycemia. Evaluating the right treatment involves considering individual patient needs, preferences, and overall health.

Related terms

Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

Oral hypoglycemic agents: Medications taken by mouth to help lower blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Metabolic syndrome: A cluster of conditions, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels, which increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes.