Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is an ancient temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, located on the Acropolis of Athens. It is a symbol of classical architecture and embodies the ideals of harmony, proportion, and beauty that were central to ancient Greek culture, influencing Renaissance art and architecture through its geometric precision and mathematical principles.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BC and was completed in 432 BC during the height of the Athenian Empire.
2. The Parthenon was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates, with sculptural work led by Phidias, who created the iconic statue of Athena inside.
3. It showcases advanced architectural techniques such as entasis, where columns are slightly curved to counteract optical illusions of concavity.
4. The Parthenon's facade includes intricate sculptures depicting various scenes from mythology and history, representing both artistic achievement and civic pride.
5. Its influence extended beyond ancient Greece, serving as a model for numerous buildings during the Renaissance and later architectural movements that sought to revive classical ideals.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of the Parthenon reflect the mathematical principles valued in Renaissance art?
  • The Parthenon's design incorporates mathematical principles such as symmetry and proportion, notably using the Golden Ratio to achieve aesthetic balance. This emphasis on mathematical harmony was admired during the Renaissance, where artists and architects sought to replicate the beauty of classical structures. By studying the Parthenon, Renaissance thinkers were inspired to integrate similar geometric precision into their own works, demonstrating a revival of classical ideals in architecture.
• In what ways did the Parthenon's use of columns exemplify Greek architectural orders and influence Renaissance designs?
  • The Parthenon is primarily designed in the Doric order, characterized by its sturdy columns and lack of elaborate decoration. This simple yet powerful design influenced Renaissance architects who sought to emulate classical forms. The use of columns not only served structural purposes but also conveyed a sense of grandeur and stability. As Renaissance architecture evolved, many buildings incorporated similar column styles, reflecting a deep respect for ancient Greek aesthetics.
• Evaluate the significance of the Parthenon in both its historical context and its lasting impact on Western architecture.
  • Historically, the Parthenon represented Athenian power and cultural achievement during a time of political dominance in Greece. It symbolized civic pride and devotion to the goddess Athena. Its architectural innovations set standards for beauty and harmony that resonated through history. In subsequent centuries, especially during the Renaissance, architects looked to the Parthenon as a benchmark for proportion and design, leading to its enduring legacy as an icon of Western architecture that continues to inspire modern designs today.

Related terms

Doric Order: A style of ancient Greek architecture characterized by simple, sturdy columns and a plain frieze, which the Parthenon exemplifies in its design.

Golden Ratio: A mathematical ratio, approximately 1.618, that is often found in nature and used in art and architecture to achieve aesthetic harmony; it can be seen in the proportions of the Parthenon.

Acropolis: An ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above Athens, which houses several significant buildings, including the Parthenon.