Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis in Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. Built in the 5th century BC during the height of the Athenian empire, it symbolizes the achievements of ancient Greece in art, architecture, and democracy, serving as a focal point for both cultural and religious practices in ancient Athens.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was constructed between 447 and 432 BC and is considered a masterpiece of Classical Greek architecture.
2. It was designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates, with sculptor Phidias responsible for its decorative sculptures, including the famous frieze and the statue of Athena Parthenos.
3. The temple originally housed a large statue of Athena made of gold and ivory, symbolizing her importance to the city and its people.
4. The Parthenon has undergone several transformations over the centuries, serving as a Christian church and later as a mosque during the Ottoman Empire.
5. Today, it stands as a symbol of ancient Greece's cultural heritage and democratic ideals, attracting millions of visitors each year.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural style of the Parthenon reflect the principles of Classical Greek art?
  • The Parthenon exemplifies Classical Greek art through its use of Doric architectural elements, including sturdy columns and harmonious proportions. The design emphasizes symmetry and balance, which were key principles of Classical aesthetics. Additionally, the intricate sculptures adorning the temple showcase mastery in artistic techniques, further embodying the ideals of beauty and order that define this period in art history.
• Discuss the significance of the Parthenon in relation to Athenian democracy and cultural identity.
  • The Parthenon is significant as it represents not only the artistic accomplishments of ancient Athens but also serves as a symbol of Athenian democracy. As a temple dedicated to Athena, it reflects the values of wisdom and civic pride that were central to Athenian identity. The construction of such an impressive structure during Athens' golden age demonstrated the city's wealth, power, and commitment to civic duty, reinforcing its cultural dominance in the ancient world.
• Evaluate how historical transformations have affected perceptions of the Parthenon throughout history.
  • The Parthenon has undergone various transformations that have influenced its perception over time. Initially revered as a temple dedicated to Athena, it was later converted into a Christian church and then a mosque under Ottoman rule. Each transformation reflects broader historical shifts in power, religion, and culture. Today, discussions surrounding its preservation highlight contemporary debates on cultural heritage, ownership, and historical memory, showcasing how this ancient structure remains relevant across different eras.

Related terms

Doric Order: A style of ancient Greek architecture characterized by simple, sturdy columns with a plain capital and no base.

Acropolis: An elevated area in ancient Greek cities, most famously in Athens, that served as a religious and ceremonial center, often featuring temples and public buildings.

Classical Art: Art produced in ancient Greece and Rome that emphasizes harmony, proportion, and balance, influencing later Western art and architecture.