Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis in Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. Built between 447 and 432 BC during the height of the Athenian Empire, it symbolizes the achievements of ancient Greek architecture and democracy. The Parthenon is renowned for its innovative use of columns, harmonious proportions, and intricate sculptures, reflecting the values of beauty, order, and civic pride that were central to ancient Greek culture.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates and features 46 outer columns in the Doric order.
2. It served as a treasury for the Delian League and housed a massive statue of Athena made of gold and ivory, crafted by the sculptor Phidias.
3. The Parthenon underwent various transformations over the centuries, serving as a Christian church and later as a mosque during Ottoman rule.
4. Significant structural refinements were made in its design, such as slight curvature in columns (entasis) to counteract optical illusions.
5. The Parthenon's sculptures and reliefs, including the famous Elgin Marbles, depict various mythological scenes and were integral to its overall aesthetic appeal.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of the Parthenon exemplify the principles of ancient Greek aesthetics?
  • The architectural design of the Parthenon exemplifies ancient Greek aesthetics through its use of symmetry, proportion, and harmony. The building follows strict mathematical ratios that create visual balance, making it pleasing to the eye. Its Doric columns not only provide structural support but also convey strength and stability, reflecting the values of beauty and order central to Greek culture. Additionally, features like entasis demonstrate an understanding of optical corrections that enhance its appearance from various viewpoints.
• Discuss the cultural significance of the Parthenon in relation to Athenian democracy and civic pride.
  • The Parthenon holds immense cultural significance as a symbol of Athenian democracy and civic pride. Built during a time when Athens was at its political peak, it represented not only religious devotion to Athena but also the collective achievements of Athenian citizens. The temple served as a constant reminder of their identity as a powerful city-state and their commitment to democratic ideals. As such, it became a centerpiece for public gatherings and celebrations, reinforcing communal values and social cohesion among Athenians.
• Evaluate the impact of historical events on the preservation and interpretation of the Parthenon throughout centuries.
  • The preservation and interpretation of the Parthenon have been significantly influenced by historical events, including wars, religious changes, and colonialism. Initially built as a temple for Athena, it transformed into a Christian church and later an Ottoman mosque, altering its structure and function over time. The explosion in 1687 during Venetian bombardment severely damaged it. Furthermore, debates surrounding the Elgin Marbles have led to discussions about cultural heritage and ownership. These events have shaped how we view the Parthenon today—not just as an architectural marvel but also as a symbol of ongoing dialogue about cultural identity and preservation.

Related terms

Doric Order: A style of ancient Greek architecture characterized by simple, sturdy columns and a plain capital, representing strength and functionality.

Acropolis: An ancient citadel located on a high rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, containing several significant buildings, including the Parthenon.

Frieze: A horizontal band that runs along the upper part of a wall or building, often adorned with decorative reliefs or sculptures; the Parthenon features a famous frieze depicting a Panathenaic procession.