Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a monumental temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, located on the Acropolis of Athens. Built in the 5th century BCE, it exemplifies the architectural brilliance of ancient Greece and is a symbol of Athenian democracy and cultural achievement during the Classical period. The Parthenon showcases the use of Doric columns and intricate sculptures that reflect the values and beliefs of Greek society.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was constructed between 447 and 432 BCE during the leadership of Pericles as part of a larger project to beautify Athens after the Persian Wars.
2. The temple housed a massive statue of Athena Parthenos, made of gold and ivory, created by the sculptor Phidias, which symbolized Athenian power and devotion.
3. The Parthenon's architecture features optical illusions, such as slight curvature in columns to create a more harmonious appearance when viewed from a distance.
4. Many sculptures from the Parthenon, known as the Elgin Marbles, were removed in the early 19th century and are now housed in the British Museum, leading to ongoing debates about their rightful ownership.
5. The Parthenon has survived various transformations throughout history, serving as a church, mosque, and even a munitions depot, reflecting the diverse cultural influences in Greece over centuries.

Review Questions

• How does the design of the Parthenon reflect the ideals of ancient Greek architecture and its cultural significance?
  • The design of the Parthenon exemplifies ancient Greek ideals through its use of Doric columns and perfect proportions. The incorporation of optical illusions enhances its aesthetic appeal while conveying a sense of harmony and balance. The temple not only served as a religious structure dedicated to Athena but also symbolized Athenian democracy and cultural pride during its time, reflecting values such as beauty, strength, and civic responsibility.
• In what ways did the construction of the Parthenon influence Athenian society during the Classical period?
  • The construction of the Parthenon had a profound impact on Athenian society by showcasing its wealth and artistic achievements following victories in the Persian Wars. It fostered civic pride among Athenians and reinforced their identity as a powerful city-state. The Parthenon's presence elevated Athens as a cultural center in the ancient world, attracting artists, philosophers, and scholars who contributed to advancements in various fields.
• Evaluate the significance of the Parthenon in understanding ancient Greek culture and its lasting legacy in modern society.
  • The Parthenon is significant for understanding ancient Greek culture as it encapsulates key themes such as religion, democracy, and artistic innovation. Its architectural brilliance and intricate sculptures provide insight into Greek beliefs about beauty and their devotion to deities like Athena. The temple's legacy continues to influence modern architecture and serves as an enduring symbol of Western civilization's roots in ancient Greece, inspiring countless buildings and fostering discussions about heritage preservation.

Related terms

Athena:

The goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts in ancient Greek mythology, Athena was the patron deity of Athens and was worshipped through numerous temples, including the Parthenon.

Acropolis:

A high, rocky outcrop that overlooks Athens, the Acropolis is home to several significant ancient structures, including the Parthenon, which served as a religious and cultural center for the city.

Doric Order: One of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by simple, sturdy columns with fluted shafts and a plain capital, which is seen in the design of the Parthenon.