Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, built on the Acropolis of Athens during the height of the Athenian Empire in the 5th century BCE. It stands as a symbol of the cultural and political achievements of ancient Greece and showcases the architectural and artistic innovations of its time.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates and completed in 432 BCE, featuring a mix of Doric and Ionic architectural styles.
2. The temple housed a massive statue of Athena Parthenos, created by the sculptor Phidias, which was made of gold and ivory and stood approximately 40 feet tall.
3. Its friezes and sculptures depict various mythological battles and religious ceremonies, showcasing the artistry of ancient Greece.
4. The Parthenon's design incorporates subtle optical illusions, such as slight curvature in the columns, to enhance its aesthetic appeal when viewed from a distance.
5. Although it was originally a temple, the Parthenon has served various functions over the centuries, including a Christian church and an Ottoman mosque.

Review Questions

• How does the Parthenon reflect the political and cultural values of ancient Athens during its construction?
  • The Parthenon reflects the political and cultural values of ancient Athens through its dedication to Athena, symbolizing civic pride and identity. Built during a time of Athenian prosperity following the Persian Wars, it showcased the power and influence of Athens as a leading city-state. The grandeur of its architecture and intricate sculptures also demonstrated Athens' commitment to artistic excellence and public expression, reinforcing its status as a center of culture and democracy.
• Discuss the significance of architectural innovations seen in the Parthenon compared to earlier Greek temples.
  • The Parthenon exhibits several architectural innovations that set it apart from earlier Greek temples, such as its refined use of proportions and optical corrections. Unlike previous structures that followed strict geometric rules, the Parthenon incorporates subtle curves in its columns to counteract visual distortions when viewed from afar. This attention to detail reflects advanced understanding of optics and aesthetics in architecture, influencing future designs in both Western and Eastern traditions.
• Evaluate how the functions of the Parthenon have changed over time and what this reveals about cultural shifts in Greece.
  • Over time, the Parthenon has transitioned from a temple dedicated to Athena to various religious structures, including a Christian church and later an Ottoman mosque. This shift illustrates how cultural changes can repurpose significant architectural landmarks to fit new religious or political contexts. The transformation reflects broader historical events in Greece, including shifts in power from paganism to Christianity and later Ottoman rule, showcasing the adaptability of cultural symbols in response to societal changes.

Related terms

Doric Order:

One of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by sturdy columns with plain capitals and no bases.

Acropolis:

A citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill, where important temples and public buildings were located.

Athena:

The ancient Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, and craftsmanship, who was considered the patroness of the city of Athens.