Neurons

Definition

Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals. They are the fundamental units that facilitate communication within the brain and between the brain and the rest of the body.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Neurons consist of three main parts: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon.
2. There are three primary types of neurons: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
3. The synapse is a critical structure where two neurons communicate via neurotransmitters.
4. Myelin sheaths, produced by glial cells, insulate axons to increase the speed of electrical signal transmission.
5. Neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin play crucial roles in mood regulation and are key targets in pharmacology.

Review Questions

• What are the three main parts of a neuron?
• Describe the role of myelin sheaths in neuron function.
• How do neurotransmitters facilitate communication between neurons?

Related terms

Axon:

A long projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Dendrite:

Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons.

Synapse:

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals.