Les misérables

Definition

Les Misérables is a novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1862, that explores themes of justice, redemption, and the struggles of the poor in 19th-century France. The story follows several characters, particularly Jean Valjean, as they navigate the harsh realities of a society undergoing significant transformation due to the Industrial Revolution, which brought about social inequality and economic upheaval.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Les Misérables highlights the stark contrast between the lives of the wealthy and the poor during the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing social injustice.
2. Victor Hugo wrote Les Misérables in part as a response to the social issues arising from rapid industrialization, such as poverty and exploitation.
3. The novel's famous barricade scenes symbolize the fight against oppression and have become iconic representations of revolutionary spirit.
4. Hugo's work influenced not just literature but also social reforms in France, as it drew attention to the plight of the underprivileged.
5. Les Misérables has been adapted into numerous films, musicals, and stage productions, making it one of the most recognized works in Western literature.

Review Questions

• How does Victor Hugo portray social inequality in Les Misérables through the characters and their experiences?
  • In Les Misérables, Victor Hugo illustrates social inequality through characters like Jean Valjean, who represents the marginalized poor struggling for redemption. The contrast between Valjean's hardships and the opulence of figures like Javert highlights the disparities caused by societal structures during the Industrial Revolution. Additionally, characters like Fantine suffer due to systemic injustices, showcasing how society often punishes those who are already vulnerable.
• Discuss the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the themes presented in Les Misérables.
  • The Industrial Revolution significantly shapes the themes in Les Misérables by creating a backdrop of social upheaval and economic disparity. Hugo critiques how industrialization led to exploitation and poverty for many, as seen through characters living in dire conditions. The transformation of society during this period serves as a critical lens through which Hugo examines issues of justice, morality, and human rights.
• Evaluate how Les Misérables has influenced modern perceptions of justice and social responsibility in light of its historical context.
  • Les Misérables has profoundly impacted modern views on justice and social responsibility by highlighting issues still relevant today. Hugo's exploration of redemption and compassion encourages readers to reflect on systemic inequalities and advocate for social change. The novel's enduring popularity speaks to its ability to inspire movements for justice and reform, making it a powerful work that transcends its historical context and resonates with contemporary societal challenges.

Related terms

Jean Valjean: The main protagonist of Les Misérables, who transforms from a hardened ex-convict seeking redemption to a compassionate benefactor.

Cosette: The illegitimate daughter of Fantine, who represents innocence and hope, and is taken in and raised by Jean Valjean.

Javert: A police inspector who relentlessly pursues Jean Valjean, embodying the law's inflexibility and the struggle between justice and mercy.