Hyperparathyroidism

Definition

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands, leading to elevated levels of calcium in the blood. This disorder can result in various health complications, including bone disease, kidney stones, and cardiovascular issues, emphasizing its importance in the context of parathyroid disorders.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Hyperparathyroidism can be classified into three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary, each with different underlying causes and treatment approaches.
2. Symptoms may include fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, frequent urination, and abdominal pain due to the effects of high calcium levels on various organs.
3. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that reveal elevated calcium levels and PTH levels, along with imaging studies if necessary.
4. Treatment options include surgical removal of overactive parathyroid glands for primary hyperparathyroidism or managing underlying conditions for secondary hyperparathyroidism.
5. Long-term consequences of untreated hyperparathyroidism may involve osteoporosis, increased fracture risk, kidney stones, and cardiovascular complications.

Review Questions

• How does hyperparathyroidism impact calcium metabolism in the body?
  • Hyperparathyroidism causes an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, which leads to the mobilization of calcium from bones into the bloodstream. This results in elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). The excess calcium can disrupt normal physiological functions, affecting muscle contractions, nerve conduction, and overall metabolic processes.
• Discuss the differences between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism in terms of their causes and treatment options.
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is primarily caused by an adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands leading to excessive PTH production, while secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs as a compensatory response to low calcium levels often due to chronic kidney disease. Treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism typically involves surgical intervention to remove the overactive glands, whereas secondary hyperparathyroidism is usually managed by treating the underlying condition and may include vitamin D supplementation or phosphate binders.
• Evaluate the long-term risks associated with untreated hyperparathyroidism and how they can affect a patient's overall health.
  • Untreated hyperparathyroidism poses significant long-term risks including osteoporosis due to increased bone resorption, which heightens fracture risk. Additionally, elevated calcium levels can lead to nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), impacting renal function. Cardiovascular complications may also arise as a result of prolonged hypercalcemia. Therefore, managing hyperparathyroidism is essential for preventing these serious health issues and improving a patient's quality of life.

Related terms

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood and bone metabolism.

Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A type of hyperparathyroidism caused primarily by an adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands, leading to overproduction of PTH.

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A condition that arises in response to low calcium levels, often due to chronic kidney disease, causing the parathyroid glands to increase PTH production.