Summa theologica

Definition

The 'summa theologica' is a comprehensive theological work written by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, which systematically explores the principles of Christian theology and philosophy. It is structured in a question-and-answer format, addressing key topics such as the existence of God, morality, and the nature of human beings, making it a central text in scholastic education. The work reflects the intellectual rigor of the period and heavily influenced monastic and cathedral schools that were instrumental in the education of clergy and laypeople alike.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The 'summa theologica' consists of three main parts: the first part discusses God's existence and nature, the second part addresses moral philosophy, and the third part covers Christ and the sacraments.
2. Aquinas wrote the 'summa theologica' as a response to questions posed by students and teachers in monastic and cathedral schools, aiming to provide clear answers based on reason and scripture.
3. The work emphasizes the compatibility of faith and reason, arguing that rational thought can lead to a better understanding of divine truths.
4. The 'summa theologica' became a cornerstone of medieval education and was frequently used in monastic schools to train future clergy in theology and moral reasoning.
5. Aquinas's methodical approach influenced later educational practices in both religious and secular contexts, making it essential for understanding the development of Western philosophy.

Review Questions

• How does the structure of the 'summa theologica' reflect the educational practices in monastic and cathedral schools during the medieval period?
  • The structure of the 'summa theologica', organized into questions and answers, mirrors the pedagogical style used in monastic and cathedral schools where dialogue and debate were crucial for learning. This format allowed students to engage with complex theological concepts actively. By addressing common questions faced by scholars and clergy, Aquinas provided a resource that aligned with their educational needs and helped facilitate discussions around critical philosophical issues.
• Discuss how the 'summa theologica' influenced the teaching of moral philosophy in medieval education.
  • The 'summa theologica' significantly impacted moral philosophy education by providing a systematic approach to ethics grounded in Christian doctrine. Aquinas articulated ideas about virtue, vice, and moral action that became foundational in educational settings, allowing students to explore these concepts deeply. This structured examination of morality encouraged future generations of scholars to integrate reason with faith when considering ethical dilemmas, shaping moral education throughout Europe.
• Evaluate the lasting impact of Aquinas's 'summa theologica' on modern theological and philosophical discourse.
  • Aquinas's 'summa theologica' has had a profound influence on modern theological and philosophical discourse by establishing a framework that integrates faith with rational inquiry. Its emphasis on systematic theology has shaped contemporary Christian thought and continues to be a reference point for discussions on ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. Scholars today still engage with Aquinas's arguments, reflecting his ongoing relevance in addressing complex moral and existential questions in an increasingly secular world.

Related terms

Scholasticism: A medieval school of thought that sought to reconcile faith with reason, often characterized by rigorous dialectical reasoning.

Aquinas: Saint Thomas Aquinas was a theologian and philosopher whose works, particularly the 'summa theologica', laid the foundation for much of modern Western thought.

Cathedral schools: Educational institutions that emerged during the Middle Ages, often linked to cathedrals, focusing on teaching liberal arts and theology.