Microglia

Definition

Microglia are specialized glial cells in the central nervous system that act as the primary immune defense. They detect and respond to damage or infection by clearing debris and dead neurons.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Microglia originate from yolk sac progenitors during early development.
2. They are highly dynamic, constantly surveying the neural environment for signs of trouble.
3. Microglia can change their shape and function in response to injury or disease, a process known as activation.
4. Activated microglia release cytokines and other signaling molecules to modulate inflammation.
5. Dysregulation of microglial activity is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Review Questions

• What is the primary role of microglia in the central nervous system?
• How do microglia respond when they detect injury or infection?
• Why is dysregulation of microglial activity significant in neurodegenerative diseases?

Related terms

Astrocytes:

Star-shaped glial cells that support neurons by maintaining the blood-brain barrier and regulating nutrient flow.

Oligodendrocytes:

Glial cells responsible for producing myelin sheaths around axons in the central nervous system.

Neuroinflammation: The inflammatory response within the brain or spinal cord, often involving microglia.