🇪🇺AP European History
Verified for the 2025 AP European History exam•Last Updated on June 21, 2023
Liam Machlin
The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditional rights. The mid-17th century had become known as the Golden Age of Dutch Art of which Amsterdam was the center.