Ecosystem services are the benefits people get from ecosystems, grouped into four categories: provisioning (food, fisheries, fresh water), regulating (carbon sequestration, flood control, water purification, pollination), cultural (recreation, spiritual values), and supporting (nutrient cycling, soil formation). They matter because they sustain human life and economies—e.g., pollination supports crops, and wetlands reduce flood damage—so losing them has direct ecological and economic costs. Human actions like habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and pollution disrupt services, causing things like reduced fisheries, poorer water quality, less carbon storage, and higher disaster risk. On the AP exam you should be able to name these four categories, give specific examples (pollination, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration), and explain how anthropogenic disruptions lead to ecological and economic consequences (CED EKs ERT-2.B.1 and ERT-2.C.1). For a focused review check the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA), the Unit 2 overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2), and practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

There are four ecosystem service types—think of what nature does for us: - Provisioning: things we can take and use directly—food (fish, crops), freshwater, timber, fuel. - Regulating: natural processes that control problems—pollination, carbon sequestration, water purification, flood control, disease regulation. - Cultural: non-material benefits—recreation, aesthetic value, spiritual and educational uses (parks, ecotourism). - Supporting: underlying ecosystem functions that make the others possible—nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production, habitat for species. Human actions (habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species) can disrupt these services—e.g., fewer pollinators lowers crop yields; deforestation reduces carbon sequestration and increases flooding. For AP exam prep, know definitions, examples, and how anthropogenic disruptions cause ecological/economic consequences (CED Topic 2.2). Review the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA), Unit 2 overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2), and practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Provisioning services are the tangible goods ecosystems provide—things you can harvest or take away and use directly. Examples: food (fish, crops), fresh water, timber, fiber, and medicines. Regulating services are the benefits ecosystems give by controlling natural processes—things that keep systems stable. Examples: pollination (helps crops), carbon sequestration (stores CO2), water purification, flood control, and disease regulation. On the APES CED this distinction matters: provisioning = direct products; regulating = ecosystem processes that control conditions (both are listed under Topic 2.2). Losing provisioning services hits economies/food supply; losing regulating services can cause cascading ecological problems (more floods, less pollination). For quick review, see the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA). For more practice linking these concepts to exam-style questions, check the practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Cultural ecosystem services are the nonmaterial benefits people get from ecosystems—basically how nature enriches our lives without giving us food or water. Think recreation (hiking, birdwatching), spiritual or religious value, aesthetic enjoyment (scenic views), cultural heritage (sacred sites), education and scientific inspiration, and even tourism or sense of place. In AP terms, cultural services are one of the four service categories you must be able to describe (EK ERT-2.B.1). Remember: when humans degrade ecosystems (pollution, habitat loss), those cultural services decline too—fewer places to enjoy, lost cultural sites, reduced tourism revenue (EK ERT-2.C.1). For a quick review tied to the CED, see the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA). For broader unit review or extra practice, check the Unit 2 page (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2) and practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Supporting services are the ecosystem processes that make all other services possible—things like nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production, and habitat provision. They’re different from the other three categories because they don’t usually provide a direct, immediate benefit you can buy or visit. - Provisioning = direct products (food, freshwater, timber). - Regulating = processes that control conditions (carbon sequestration, water purification, flood control). - Cultural = nonmaterial benefits (recreation, spiritual, aesthetic). - Supporting = underlying ecological functions that sustain ecosystems and enable provisioning, regulating, and cultural services (e.g., pollination and nutrient cycling produce healthy soils that let crops grow). On the APES CED this distinction matters because human activities that damage supporting services (like soil erosion or loss of pollinators) cascade into losses of provisioning/regulating/cultural services and cause economic and ecological consequences (EK ERT-2.C.1). For a quick Topic 2.2 review, see the Fiveable study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA) and try practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Free doesn’t mean worthless. Ecosystem services—provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting (CED EK ERT-2.B.1)—provide things you depend on every day: food and water, pollination for crops, carbon sequestration that slows climate change, water purification, soil formation, and flood control. If humans disrupt those services (habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species), you get real economic and ecological costs: crop failures when pollinators decline, more expensive water treatment, more frequent flooding, or lost fisheries (CED EK ERT-2.C.1; keywords: pollination, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, water purification). Thinking of them as “free” hides trade-offs; restoring or replacing services can be costly. For AP prep, know the four service categories and examples, and be ready to connect human disruptions to economic/ecological consequences on the exam. Want a focused review? Check the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA) and practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

When humans disrupt ecosystem services, the effects are both ecological and economic. Losing provisioning services (like fisheries or crops) through overexploitation or habitat loss cuts food supplies and incomes. Damaging regulating services (pollination, water purification, carbon sequestration, flood control) raises costs: fewer pollinators → lower crop yields; less carbon storage → faster climate change; reduced water purification → more drinking-water treatment. Losing supporting services (nutrient cycling, soil formation) undermines long-term productivity, and harming cultural services reduces recreation and mental-health benefits. Disruptions can trigger invasive species, increased disease, and cascading extinctions that further reduce resilience. On the AP exam you should link human activities (habitat loss, pollution, overharvesting) to concrete consequences and possible responses (restoration, valuation, trade-offs, policy). For quick review, see the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA), the Unit 2 overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2), and practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Provisioning—goods people obtain: food (fisheries, crops), freshwater, timber, fiber, medicinal plants. Regulating—benefits from ecosystem processes: pollination for crops, carbon sequestration by forests, water purification by wetlands, flood control from mangroves. Cultural—nonmaterial benefits: recreation (hiking, birdwatching), spiritual/religious values, ecotourism, aesthetic enjoyment. Supporting—underlying processes that enable other services: nutrient cycling (decomposition, nitrogen fixation), soil formation, primary production (photosynthesis), habitat provision for biodiversity. On the AP exam, you should be able to identify these four categories (EK ERT-2.B.1) and explain how human actions (overexploitation, habitat loss, invasive species) disrupt them (ERT-2.C.1). For quick review and practice, see the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA), the Unit 2 overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2), and practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Anthropogenic activities disrupt ecosystem services by directly damaging the biological and physical processes that provide provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. Examples: habitat loss and fragmentation (development, agriculture) reduce provisioning services like fisheries and timber and cut pollination by native insects; pollution and nutrient runoff (fertilizers, wastewater) degrade water purification and cause algal blooms; overexploitation (overfishing, logging) lowers food and fiber production; invasive species outcompete native species, weakening supporting services like nutrient cycling and soil formation; and greenhouse-gas emissions change climate, reducing carbon sequestration and altering flood control and water availability. Those disruptions cause ecological declines (loss of biodiversity, altered nutrient cycles) and economic impacts (lost crop yields, higher water-treatment costs). For AP prep, be ready to name the four service categories and give examples on FRQs (Topic 2.2). Review the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA), the Unit 2 overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2), and practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

When ecosystem services are disrupted, the economy feels it in lots of ways. Lost provisioning services (like crops, fisheries, timber) reduce supply and raise food or material prices. Reduced regulating services (pollination, water purification, flood control, carbon sequestration) means higher expenses: farmers pay more for pollination or pesticides, cities pay more for water treatment and flood repairs, and governments fund costly disaster recovery. Cultural losses (recreation, tourism, spiritual value) cut local incomes and jobs. Supporting services (soil formation, nutrient cycling) decline, lowering long-term productivity and increasing restoration costs. Overall you see lower GDP in affected sectors, higher public and private spending on replacements or engineering fixes, and health costs from poorer air/water. For AP prep, link these consequences to ecosystem valuation and trade-offs covered in Topic 2.2 (see the study guide: https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA) and practice scenarios at (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Cutting down forests reduces multiple ecosystem services at once. Provisioning services drop—you lose timber, wild foods, and sometimes medicines. Regulating services decline: fewer trees means less carbon sequestration (so more CO2 in the atmosphere), worse water purification, and reduced flood control because roots and leaf litter no longer slow runoff. Supporting services are harmed too—soil formation, nutrient cycling, and pollination suffer when habitat and biodiversity shrink, which lowers long-term productivity. Cultural services (recreation, spiritual value, education) also disappear for local people. Those losses cause real ecological and economic consequences: more erosion and sediment in streams, reduced crop yields downstream, higher costs for water treatment, and increased climate impacts. For AP exam framing, link this to EK ERT-2.B.1 (four service categories) and EK ERT-2.C.1 (anthropogenic disruption). For a quick review, see the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA) and try practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Example: widespread pesticide use (a human activity) can kill pollinators like bees, which are a supporting/regulating service (pollination). Ecologically, losing pollinators reduces plant reproduction and biodiversity, causing population declines and ecosystem degradation. Economically, many crops depend on pollinators—reduced pollination lowers yields, raising food prices and hurting farmers’ incomes; global crop pollination is estimated to contribute billions in value annually. That’s a clear services trade-off: humans boost short-term pest control (provisioning of crops) but harm long-term supporting/regulating services. On the AP exam, you’d label the affected services (supporting/regulating/provisioning) and explain both ecological and economic consequences (CED EK ERT-2.C.1). For more examples and practice, check the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA), Unit 2 overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2), and grab practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).

Think of the four categories as WHAT, HOW, WHY, and BUILD: - Provisioning (WHAT): goods we get—food, water, timber, fisheries. - Regulating (HOW): processes that keep systems stable—carbon sequestration, pollination, water purification, flood control. - Cultural (WHY): nonmaterial benefits—recreation, spiritual, educational, aesthetic. - Supporting (BUILD): underlying ecosystem functions that make the others possible—nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production. Memory trick: “P-R-C-S” → pronounce like “Parks” if that helps; or use the sentence: “People Rely on Cultural Support” (Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural, Supporting). Always pair each category with 1–2 AP examples (pollination → regulating; soil formation → supporting). On the exam, questions often ask you to identify a service or show how human activities disrupt them (EK ERT-2.B.1 and ERT-2.C.1), so practice labeling examples. Review the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA) and use practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science) to lock these connections.

Ecosystem services matter because they’re the real-world benefits ecosystems provide that keep people and economies functioning. The CED breaks them into four categories—provisioning (food, fisheries, fresh water), regulating (carbon sequestration, water purification, flood control, pollination), cultural (recreation, spiritual value), and supporting (nutrient cycling, soil formation)—and those services link biodiversity to human well-being (EK ERT-2.B.1). When humans disrupt ecosystems (habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species), those services decline and you get measurable economic and ecological consequences: lost crop yields from reduced pollination, increased flood damage from wetland loss, or higher water treatment costs (EK ERT-2.C.1). For the AP exam you should be able to name the four service types, give examples (pollination, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling), and explain how anthropogenic disruptions create trade-offs and restoration options. Review the Topic 2.2 study guide for targeted examples (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA), the unit overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2), and hit practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science) to prep.

Use specific, short examples tied to the four ecosystem-service categories so you can plug them into an FRQ quickly: - Provisioning: Overfishing → collapse of fisheries (economic loss, food insecurity). - Regulating: Wetland drainage for development → reduced flood control and water purification, increased downstream flooding and treatment costs. - Supporting: Intensive agriculture/soil erosion → loss of soil formation and nutrient cycling, lower crop yields long-term. - Cultural: Deforestation of sacred/ recreational forests → loss of tourism, cultural identity, and mental-health benefits. Also mention drivers and consequences: habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change disrupt services and cause both ecological (biodiversity loss, altered nutrient cycles) and economic outcomes (lost jobs, increased infrastructure costs). For FRQs, name the service, the human activity disrupting it, one ecological effect, and one economic/social consequence. For quick review, see the Topic 2.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-environmental-science/unit-2/ecosystem-services/study-guide/ar6VaapmuP8HSgvCJrvA) and practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-environmental-science).