Fascism

Definition

Fascism is a far-right political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, strong centralized government, and often a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. It emphasizes the importance of the state over individual rights and promotes the idea of a single-party system led by a charismatic leader. The rise of fascism in Europe during the early 20th century set the stage for aggressive expansionism and war, significantly influencing events leading up to and during World War II.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Fascism emerged in Italy under Benito Mussolini after World War I, promoting nationalism and rejecting socialism and communism.
2. In Germany, Adolf Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) embraced fascist principles, leading to the establishment of a totalitarian regime.
3. Fascist regimes often employed propaganda and censorship to suppress dissent and control public opinion.
4. Racial purity was a key element of fascist ideology, particularly in Nazi Germany, which led to widespread discrimination and atrocities against various ethnic groups.
5. The invasion of Poland in 1939 was a direct result of fascist expansionism, as both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sought to exert their influence over Eastern Europe.

Review Questions

• How did fascism contribute to the onset of World War II?
  • Fascism fueled aggressive expansionist policies that directly led to the outbreak of World War II. Both Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy pursued militaristic goals that involved conquering neighboring territories. The invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 was particularly significant as it marked the beginning of the conflict, demonstrating how fascist ambitions disregarded international treaties and norms.
• In what ways did fascism manifest in the atrocities committed by the Axis powers during World War II?
  • Fascism deeply influenced the horrific acts committed by Axis powers, as it was rooted in extreme nationalism and racial superiority. This ideology justified military aggression against perceived enemies and led to brutal campaigns such as the Holocaust, where millions of Jews and others were systematically exterminated. The dehumanization inherent in fascist thought enabled widespread atrocities, reflecting the dangerous consequences of such ideologies.
• Evaluate the impact of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact on fascist expansion in Europe.
  • The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 had significant implications for fascist expansion as it allowed Hitler to invade Poland without fear of Soviet intervention. This agreement showcased a temporary alliance between fascist Germany and communist Russia, enabling Germany to focus on its military campaigns in Western Europe. By securing this pact, Hitler felt emboldened in his expansionist goals, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War II as both powers divided Eastern Europe for their respective influences.

Related terms

Totalitarianism: A political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and seeks to regulate every aspect of public and private life.

Nationalism:

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often leading to the belief that one's nation is superior to others.

Militarism:

The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.