Achilles

Definition

Achilles is a central character in Greek mythology and the main hero of Homer's epic poem, the 'Iliad.' Known for his unmatched strength and combat skills, he embodies the ideals of the heroic tradition, showcasing themes of honor, glory, and the complexities of human emotion. His narrative significantly influences the structure and themes of Homeric epics, while also reflecting the cultural impact of mythological cycles on Greek religion and society.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Achilles is often depicted as nearly invincible due to his mother dipping him in the River Styx, except for his heel, which leads to the term 'Achilles' heel' to signify a person's singular weakness.
2. His rage is a central theme of the 'Iliad,' particularly after Agamemnon takes his war prize, Briseis, leading Achilles to withdraw from battle and ultimately face profound moral dilemmas.
3. Achilles’ relationship with Patroclus is pivotal; his grief over Patroclus’ death drives him back into battle against Hector, illustrating themes of friendship and revenge.
4. The concept of fate is deeply intertwined with Achilles’ character; despite his attempts to achieve glory, he ultimately cannot escape his predetermined death as prophesied by the gods.
5. Achilles' legacy influenced not just literature but also later Greek culture and thought, serving as a model for heroism that resonated through centuries in various forms of storytelling.

Review Questions

• How does Achilles embody the heroic code within the context of the 'Iliad,' and what does this reveal about Greek ideals of heroism?
  • Achilles exemplifies the heroic code through his actions driven by honor, personal glory, and emotional responses to loss. His conflict with Agamemnon over Briseis highlights the importance placed on reputation and status among warriors. The way he grapples with rage, grief, and vengeance reveals a complex understanding of heroism that balances both strength and vulnerability in Greek culture.
• In what ways does Achilles' relationship with Thetis shape his character arc and influence key events in the 'Iliad'?
  • Thetis plays a significant role in shaping Achilles’ fate by seeking divine intervention for him throughout the 'Iliad.' Her attempts to protect him from a premature death contrast with his choices driven by pride and anger. The tension between her protective instincts and Achilles’ desire for glory showcases the interplay between fate and free will, ultimately influencing key events such as his withdrawal from battle and return motivated by Patroclus’ death.
• Evaluate how Achilles' character reflects broader themes in Greek mythology, including mortality and divine influence over human affairs.
  • Achilles represents a tension between human agency and divine control within Greek mythology. His near invincibility juxtaposed with his destined mortality emphasizes the fragility of life even for heroes. Through his struggles with rage and loss, as well as interactions with gods like Thetis, Achilles encapsulates how human experiences are shaped by larger cosmic forces, reflecting on existential questions about fate and legacy that resonate beyond ancient times.

Related terms

Hector:

The Trojan prince and greatest warrior of Troy, Hector serves as Achilles' primary rival in the 'Iliad,' representing themes of duty and honor in contrast to Achilles' pursuit of personal glory.

Thetis: Achilles' mother, a sea goddess, who plays a crucial role in his fate and influences his decisions throughout the 'Iliad,' emphasizing the theme of divine intervention in human affairs.

Heroic Code: A set of values that guides the actions and motivations of heroes in Greek literature, focusing on honor, bravery, and reputation, exemplified by Achilles' struggles and choices.