Achilles

Definition

Achilles is a central figure in Greek mythology, known as the greatest warrior of the Trojan War and a key character in the Homeric epics, particularly 'The Iliad.' His story highlights themes of heroism, rage, and the human condition, reflecting the complexities of war and personal conflict. Achilles’ near invincibility stems from his mother, Thetis, who dipped him in the River Styx, making him almost immortal except for his heel, which ultimately leads to his downfall.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Achilles was said to be invulnerable except for his heel, which became known as the 'Achilles heel' and symbolizes a singular weakness in an otherwise strong character.
2. His wrath is a central theme in 'The Iliad,' leading to significant consequences for both the Greeks and Trojans during the war.
3. Achilles is depicted as a complex character who grapples with themes of honor, pride, and mortality throughout the epic.
4. The relationship between Achilles and his close companion Patroclus plays a crucial role in motivating Achilles' actions and decisions during the war.
5. Achilles' death is prophesied to occur at Troy, and he ultimately meets his end at the hands of Paris, guided by Apollo, showcasing the interplay between fate and human agency.

Review Questions

• How does Achilles embody the theme of heroism in Greek mythology?
  • Achilles represents the ideal Greek hero through his unmatched strength and skills in battle. However, his character also explores the darker sides of heroism, such as pride and rage, particularly when he withdraws from battle due to personal offense. This duality shows that even heroes are flawed and face internal conflicts that can have devastating consequences on themselves and those around them.
• Discuss the significance of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus in 'The Iliad.' How does this relationship influence Achilles’ actions?
  • The bond between Achilles and Patroclus is pivotal in 'The Iliad,' as Patroclus' death serves as a catalyst for Achilles' return to battle. Their friendship illustrates themes of loyalty and love in contrast to the backdrop of war. The loss deeply affects Achilles, igniting his rage against Hector and pushing him to confront his mortality and purpose within the conflict.
• Evaluate how the concept of fate influences Achilles' character arc throughout 'The Iliad' and what it reveals about human agency in Greek mythology.
  • Fate plays a critical role in shaping Achilles’ destiny, as he is aware that his life will be short but glorious if he fights at Troy. This awareness forces him to grapple with choices that reflect his values of honor versus personal safety. Ultimately, while he strives for glory as a hero, he cannot escape his fated demise. This tension between human agency and predetermined fate reveals profound insights about the limitations placed upon individuals in Greek mythology, underscoring that no one can fully control their destiny.

Related terms

Hector:

A Trojan prince and warrior, Hector is Achilles' primary rival in 'The Iliad,' symbolizing the nobility of honor and duty.

The Iliad:

'The Iliad' is an ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer, detailing the events of the Trojan War and focusing on Achilles’ anger and its consequences.

Fate:

In Greek mythology, fate is a predetermined course of events that even gods cannot alter, significantly impacting Achilles' life and choices.