Apoptosis

Definition

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unwanted cells without causing inflammation. This mechanism is tightly regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and can be influenced by external factors such as plasma treatment, which has been shown to induce apoptosis in certain cells.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Apoptosis is characterized by distinct morphological changes in the cell, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies.
2. In plasma medicine, the application of cold plasma can activate signaling pathways that lead to apoptosis in cancer cells, potentially enhancing therapeutic outcomes.
3. Plasma treatment can affect cell membranes, making them more permeable and facilitating the uptake of reactive species that promote apoptosis.
4. Intracellular signaling pathways involved in apoptosis include the intrinsic pathway (mitochondrial) and extrinsic pathway (death receptor), both of which can be influenced by plasma-induced reactive species.
5. Immunogenic cell death resulting from apoptosis may trigger an immune response, enhancing the effectiveness of cancer treatments by mobilizing the body’s immune system against tumor cells.

Review Questions

• How does apoptosis differ from necrosis in terms of cellular response to injury?
  • Apoptosis is a controlled process that leads to cell death without causing inflammation or damage to surrounding tissues, while necrosis is an uncontrolled form of cell death that results from severe injury or stress, leading to inflammation. In apoptosis, cells undergo specific morphological changes and are systematically dismantled, while necrotic cells swell and rupture, spilling their contents into the extracellular space. This difference in mechanisms highlights how apoptosis serves a protective role in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
• What role do caspases play in the process of apoptosis and how might plasma treatment influence this activity?
  • Caspases are essential enzymes that execute the apoptosis process by cleaving specific substrates within the cell, leading to its orderly dismantling. Plasma treatment may activate caspases either directly through reactive species or indirectly through the modulation of signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis. By enhancing caspase activity, plasma treatments can effectively trigger cell death in cancerous cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissues.
• Evaluate the significance of plasma-activated media in inducing immunogenic cell death through apoptosis in cancer therapies.
  • Plasma-activated media has emerged as a promising approach in cancer therapies by promoting immunogenic cell death through apoptosis. When cancer cells undergo apoptosis due to plasma exposure, they release signals that can activate the immune system. This activation not only targets the dying tumor cells but can also help recruit immune cells to recognize and attack residual cancerous cells. By leveraging this mechanism, plasma-activated media represents a novel strategy to enhance anti-tumor immunity and improve therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.

Related terms

Necrosis:

Necrosis is an uncontrolled form of cell death that results from acute cellular injury, leading to inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues.

Caspases: Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in the execution phase of apoptosis, triggering cellular dismantling processes.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM): The extracellular matrix is a complex network of proteins and molecules that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells and can influence their behavior, including apoptosis.