Metformin

Definition

Metformin is an oral antihyperglycemic medication used primarily to manage type 2 diabetes by lowering blood glucose levels. It works by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing hepatic glucose production, and enhancing peripheral glucose uptake, making it a cornerstone in diabetes management. This medication is also associated with weight stability or modest weight loss, distinguishing it from other diabetes medications that may cause weight gain.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Metformin is often the first-line medication prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes due to its effectiveness and safety profile.
2. It is taken orally and can be administered in immediate-release or extended-release formulations to accommodate different patient needs.
3. Patients using metformin may experience gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and diarrhea, which often improve over time or with dose adjustments.
4. Unlike many other diabetes medications, metformin is weight-neutral or can even promote weight loss, making it suitable for overweight individuals.
5. Regular monitoring of kidney function is essential for patients on metformin since impaired renal function increases the risk of lactic acidosis.

Review Questions

• How does metformin work to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes?
  • Metformin lowers blood glucose levels primarily by improving insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat tissues, allowing these cells to better utilize glucose. It also reduces hepatic glucose production, particularly during fasting, which helps lower overall blood sugar levels. Additionally, metformin promotes enhanced peripheral glucose uptake, making it an effective treatment option for managing type 2 diabetes.
• Discuss the potential side effects of metformin and how they can impact patient compliance in treatment.
  • Metformin is generally well-tolerated, but some patients may experience gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, or abdominal discomfort. These side effects can lead to decreased adherence to treatment if not managed properly. Healthcare providers often recommend starting with a low dose and gradually increasing it to minimize these issues. Educating patients about these potential side effects can help improve compliance and encourage them to continue their medication as prescribed.
• Evaluate the role of metformin in the management of metabolic syndrome and its benefits beyond glycemic control.
  • Metformin plays a significant role in the management of metabolic syndrome due to its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and promote weight stability or modest weight loss. These effects help mitigate the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, including obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. By addressing both hyperglycemia and contributing factors of metabolic syndrome, metformin not only aids in glycemic control but also contributes to overall cardiovascular health and reduces the risk of developing related complications.

Related terms

Type 2 Diabetes: A chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.

Insulin Sensitivity: The degree to which cells respond to insulin; higher sensitivity means cells can use glucose more effectively, lowering blood sugar levels.

Lactic Acidosis: A rare but serious side effect of metformin characterized by the buildup of lactic acid in the body, leading to symptoms like weakness, muscle pain, and difficulty breathing.