Epicureanism

Definition

Epicureanism is a philosophical system founded by Epicurus in the 4th century BCE that teaches the pursuit of happiness through the cultivation of personal pleasure and the avoidance of pain. This belief emphasizes living a life of moderation, valuing friendships, and seeking knowledge to minimize fears, particularly fear of death and the gods. Its core ideas resonate with various aspects of ancient culture and influence, shaping thought in later periods.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Epicurus believed that the best way to achieve happiness was through simple pleasures such as friendship, intellectual contemplation, and modest living rather than through excessive indulgence.
2. Epicureanism was particularly influential during the Hellenistic period, providing a counterpoint to other philosophies like Stoicism and Cynicism.
3. Epicurus taught that fear of death is one of the main sources of unhappiness; thus, he argued that understanding the nature of death can help people live more fulfilling lives.
4. The teachings of Epicureanism were preserved and spread throughout the Hellenistic world, influencing later thinkers in both philosophy and science.
5. Epicurean gardens, where followers would gather to discuss philosophy, became centers for learning and promoting the ideas central to Epicureanism.

Review Questions

• How does Epicureanism define happiness, and what are its main principles?
  • Epicureanism defines happiness primarily through the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Its main principles include valuing simple pleasures, cultivating friendships, and seeking knowledge to dispel fears about death and divine punishment. Epicurus emphasized moderation in all pursuits, suggesting that true happiness comes from tranquility rather than indulgence in excess.
• In what ways did Epicureanism contrast with other philosophical schools during the Hellenistic period?
  • Epicureanism contrasted sharply with Stoicism, which advocated for self-control and virtue over pleasure. While Stoics believed in enduring hardship to achieve a greater moral good, Epicureans prioritized personal happiness through moderate pleasures. Additionally, Cynics rejected societal norms entirely, whereas Epicureans sought a balanced lifestyle that included community and intellectual engagement.
• Evaluate the long-term impact of Epicureanism on later philosophical thought and its relevance today.
  • Epicureanism had a significant impact on later philosophical traditions by introducing ideas about pleasure, ethics, and the human condition that resonated throughout history. Its emphasis on personal happiness influenced Enlightenment thinkers who grappled with similar themes regarding human desires and rationality. Today, concepts like ataraxia are still relevant in discussions about mental well-being and the pursuit of a fulfilling life. The ideas also provide valuable perspectives in contemporary debates on hedonism versus stoicism in achieving personal satisfaction.

Related terms

Hedonism: A philosophical doctrine that considers pleasure as the highest good and primary aim of human life, which has some overlaps with Epicureanism but often promotes more extreme indulgence.

Stoicism:

A contrasting philosophical school that emphasizes self-control, rationality, and virtue as means to achieve a good life, often seen as a response to Epicurean views.

Ataraxia: A state of serene calmness and emotional stability that Epicureans strive for, achieved by minimizing desires and fears.