Input Hypothesis

Definition

The Input Hypothesis is a theory in second language acquisition that suggests learners acquire language best when they are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly beyond their current proficiency level. This means that effective language learning occurs when students understand the majority of what they hear or read, but also encounter new vocabulary and structures that challenge them just enough to promote growth.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Input Hypothesis was developed by Stephen Krashen in the 1980s and remains a cornerstone of second language acquisition theory.
2. According to the hypothesis, learners should be exposed to 'i+1', where 'i' represents their current level of proficiency and '+1' refers to slightly more advanced language input.
3. The effectiveness of the Input Hypothesis relies on the notion that input must be made comprehensible through context, visuals, or pre-teaching vocabulary.
4. The Input Hypothesis emphasizes that just receiving input isn't enough; learners need opportunities to interact with and use the language actively for better retention.
5. Critics argue that while input is important, other factors such as output, interaction, and learner motivation also play significant roles in language acquisition.

Review Questions

• How does the Input Hypothesis suggest the optimal conditions for second language acquisition?
  • The Input Hypothesis posits that optimal conditions for second language acquisition occur when learners are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly above their current proficiency level, referred to as 'i+1'. This exposure allows learners to grasp familiar elements while also encountering new vocabulary and structures that stretch their understanding. The idea is that this slight challenge promotes language development without overwhelming the learner.
• Discuss the role of context in making input comprehensible according to the Input Hypothesis.
  • Context plays a crucial role in making input comprehensible as it helps learners connect new information with their existing knowledge. When language is presented with visual aids, gestures, or familiar scenarios, it becomes easier for learners to infer meaning and retain information. Effective teaching strategies often involve scaffolding techniques that utilize context to enhance comprehension and facilitate learning.
• Evaluate the criticisms surrounding the Input Hypothesis and propose ways to address these concerns in a language learning environment.
  • Critics of the Input Hypothesis argue that it may oversimplify the process of language acquisition by not fully accounting for factors like output and interaction. To address these concerns, language learning environments can incorporate opportunities for learners to engage in speaking and writing activities alongside receiving input. Encouraging interaction through group work or peer conversations can provide essential practice while reinforcing what has been learned through comprehension-focused input.

Related terms

Comprehensible Input: Language input that learners can understand, which is crucial for effective language acquisition.

Affective Filter Hypothesis: A theory that suggests emotional factors can influence language acquisition, where a high affective filter may inhibit learning.

Interlanguage: The evolving linguistic system that learners create as they progress in language acquisition, often containing elements from both their native language and the target language.