Population density: The number of people living per unit of an area (e.g., per square kilometer), which helps in understanding how crowded a place is.
Birth rate: The number of live births per thousand people in a population over a given period of time; it's a crucial factor in population growth.
Migration: The movement of people from one place to another which can be within national borders (internal migration) or across international borders (international migration), impacting the demographic makeup of areas