American Imperialism

Definition

American imperialism refers to the policy and practice of the United States extending its influence and control over other nations, territories, and regions, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This expansion often involved military intervention, economic dominance, and cultural assimilation, resulting in significant impacts on the countries affected and shaping international relations.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. American imperialism was characterized by key events such as the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which was influenced by both economic interests and strategic military positioning in the Pacific.
2. The Spanish-American War in 1898 marked a turning point in American foreign policy, leading to the U.S. acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
3. Economic motives played a crucial role in American imperialism, as businesses sought new markets and resources to fuel industrial growth during this era.
4. Cultural arguments were also used to justify imperialism, with proponents often claiming they were bringing civilization and democracy to 'lesser' nations.
5. Opposition to American imperialism emerged from various groups who believed it contradicted the nation's founding principles of self-determination and freedom.

Review Questions

• How did American imperialism manifest itself through the annexation of Hawaii and its impact on native Hawaiians?
  • American imperialism was evident in the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, driven by economic interests such as sugar plantations and strategic military needs. This move significantly impacted native Hawaiians, leading to loss of sovereignty and cultural disruption as American influence grew. The overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy by American business interests showcased the aggressive nature of U.S. expansion during this period.
• Analyze the role of the Spanish-American War in shaping American imperialistic policies and its consequences for both the U.S. and its newly acquired territories.
  • The Spanish-American War was pivotal in cementing American imperialistic policies, as it resulted in significant territorial gains for the U.S., including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This war marked a shift in America’s global role from isolationism to active involvement in international affairs. The consequences for these territories included political upheaval and resistance movements against American control, as local populations grappled with their new status under U.S. rule.
• Evaluate the ethical implications of American imperialism on global politics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
  • Evaluating the ethical implications of American imperialism reveals complex debates surrounding sovereignty, self-determination, and cultural assimilation. While proponents argued that imperialism spread democracy and civilization, critics highlighted the hypocrisy of imposing control over other nations while advocating for freedom. This tension raises questions about moral responsibilities in international relations and continues to inform contemporary discussions about interventionist policies and their impact on global politics.

Related terms

Annexation:

The formal act of acquiring territory by a state, often through military force or political pressure.

Manifest Destiny: A 19th-century belief that the expansion of the United States across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Colonialism:

The practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country or territory, often involving settlement and exploitation of resources.