American imperialism

Definition

American imperialism refers to the policy and practice of the United States expanding its influence and control over foreign territories and peoples, especially during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This era marked a significant shift as the U.S. moved from a nation focused on continental expansion to one that sought overseas territories, driven by economic interests, military strategy, and a belief in cultural superiority.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. American imperialism was largely driven by economic motives, including the desire for new markets for American goods and access to raw materials.
2. The acquisition of Alaska in 1867 and Hawaii in 1898 are key examples of American expansionism during this period.
3. The concept of American exceptionalism played a significant role in justifying imperialist actions, as many Americans believed they had a unique mission to promote democracy and civilization.
4. Anti-imperialism also emerged as a response to American imperialism, with voices like Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League opposing expansionist policies.
5. The consequences of American imperialism include both positive developments, such as infrastructure improvements in colonized areas, and negative impacts like cultural suppression and local resistance.

Review Questions

• How did American imperialism reflect the economic interests of the United States during the late 19th century?
  • American imperialism was closely tied to the economic interests of the United States as it sought new markets for its surplus goods and access to valuable raw materials. This period saw a rapid industrial growth in America, which fueled the need for overseas expansion to sustain economic growth. By acquiring territories like Puerto Rico and Guam through conflicts such as the Spanish-American War, the U.S. aimed to enhance its trade opportunities and strengthen its global economic position.
• Evaluate the role of cultural beliefs in shaping American imperialism during this time.
  • Cultural beliefs played a significant role in shaping American imperialism, particularly through notions of American exceptionalism and the perceived duty to spread democracy and civilization. Many Americans believed they were racially and culturally superior, which justified their interventions in other nations' affairs. This mindset not only motivated expansionist policies but also led to significant cultural impacts on colonized societies, often undermining local customs and traditions.
• Analyze how both supporters and opponents of American imperialism framed their arguments in relation to national identity and foreign policy.
  • Supporters of American imperialism framed their arguments around national identity by emphasizing the idea of Manifest Destiny and America's role as a global leader promoting democracy. They viewed expansion as a way to assert U.S. power on the world stage. Conversely, opponents highlighted moral concerns about subjugating other peoples and critiqued the contradictions of promoting freedom abroad while denying it to colonized populations. This debate reflected broader tensions within American national identity about what it meant to be a powerful nation committed to liberty.

Related terms

Manifest Destiny: The 19th-century doctrine that justified American territorial expansion across North America, based on the belief that it was the nation's destiny to expand its territory and spread democracy.

Spanish-American War: A conflict in 1898 between the United States and Spain that resulted in the U.S. gaining territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking a key moment in American imperialism.

Open Door Policy: A diplomatic policy aimed at ensuring equal trade opportunities for all nations in China and preventing any one nation from monopolizing trade in the region, reflecting American interests in Asia.