Realism

Definition

Realism is a theoretical perspective in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual nature of international politics. It suggests that states are the primary actors in a self-help system where power is the main currency, and security concerns dictate state behavior. In this context, realism highlights how globalization changes security threats, reshaping how states interact and prioritize their national interests amidst interdependence and emerging non-state actors.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism posits that states operate primarily in their own self-interest, prioritizing survival and power above all else.
2. The rise of globalization complicates traditional realist views by introducing non-state actors and transnational issues like terrorism and cyber threats.
3. Realist thinkers argue that despite increased interconnectedness, the anarchic nature of international relations remains unchanged.
4. In a globalized world, states may still engage in power politics, but the means of exercising power have evolved to include economic and informational dimensions.
5. Realism warns that over-reliance on global cooperation can lead to vulnerabilities, as states must remain vigilant against potential threats from other states or non-state actors.

Review Questions

• How does realism explain the changing nature of security threats in an increasingly globalized world?
  • Realism explains that while globalization fosters interdependence among states, it also introduces new security threats such as cyber warfare and terrorism. Realists argue that states must remain focused on their own survival and interests even as they navigate complex global challenges. The fundamental principles of realism emphasize that power dynamics still govern these interactions, meaning that states need to adapt their strategies to address both traditional and emerging threats while maintaining their sovereignty.
• Evaluate the implications of the security dilemma within the framework of realism in a globalized context.
  • The security dilemma highlights how measures taken by one state to enhance its security can inadvertently threaten others, leading to an arms race or increased tensions. In a globalized context, this dilemma becomes more complex as non-state actors emerge, blurring the lines between traditional state-centric security concerns. Realists argue that states must navigate these dynamics carefully to avoid escalating conflicts while balancing their security needs against those posed by global interconnectedness.
• Synthesize the relationship between realism and international cooperation in light of contemporary global challenges.
  • Realism suggests that while international cooperation is necessary to tackle global challenges like climate change or terrorism, it remains contingent upon national interests. States will engage cooperatively only if it serves their power objectives. Thus, realism posits that any cooperative efforts are often temporary and self-serving rather than based on altruistic motivations. This perspective encourages skepticism towards multilateral agreements unless they align closely with state interests, revealing inherent limitations in achieving lasting global collaboration.

Related terms

Anarchy: The concept that the international system has no overarching authority, leading to a self-help environment where states must rely on their own capabilities for security.

Power Politics: The idea that international relations are fundamentally about the pursuit and maintenance of power among states, often resulting in conflict and competition.

Security Dilemma: A situation where actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause insecurity in other states, leading to an arms race or heightened tensions.