Realism

Definition

Realism is a theory in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international politics, focusing on the role of states as the primary actors in an anarchic global system. This perspective highlights the importance of power, national interest, and the idea that moral norms cannot be prioritized over state security and survival.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism asserts that states operate in a self-interested manner, prioritizing their own security and survival above all else.
2. Classical realism focuses on human nature as the driving force behind international conflict, while neorealism emphasizes the structure of the international system as a key factor.
3. Realists argue that cooperation between states is often limited due to mistrust and the pursuit of relative gains over absolute gains.
4. Realism has been influential in shaping foreign policy decisions, advocating for pragmatic approaches rather than idealistic or moral considerations.
5. Critics of realism point out its neglect of non-state actors, such as international organizations and non-governmental organizations, which play significant roles in contemporary global politics.

Review Questions

• How does realism define the behavior of states in an anarchic international system?
  • Realism posits that in an anarchic international system, states act primarily out of self-interest and prioritize their own survival and security. Without a higher authority to enforce rules or maintain order, states operate in a self-help environment, where they must rely on their own capabilities to navigate threats. This leads to competition for power and resources, as states seek to enhance their own security while being wary of the intentions of others.
• Compare classical realism and neorealism in terms of their views on human nature and the structure of the international system.
  • Classical realism emphasizes human nature as inherently selfish and power-seeking, suggesting that conflicts arise from individual leaders' ambitions and desires. In contrast, neorealism shifts focus to the structure of the international system itself, arguing that the anarchic nature of this system compels states to behave in ways that prioritize security and power. While both perspectives recognize the importance of power dynamics, neorealism attributes state behavior more to systemic factors rather than individual motivations.
• Evaluate how realism influences contemporary foreign policy decisions regarding conflict resolution and international cooperation.
  • Realism significantly impacts contemporary foreign policy by advocating for pragmatic approaches grounded in national interest rather than idealistic aspirations for global harmony. Realists argue that states should be cautious about engaging in extensive cooperation since it can lead to vulnerabilities. This perspective shapes decisions on conflict resolution by emphasizing deterrence and military preparedness over diplomatic solutions, often resulting in policies that prioritize security concerns at the expense of broader collaborative efforts aimed at fostering peace.

Related terms

anarchy: A key concept in realism that refers to the absence of a central authority in the international system, leading to a self-help environment where states must ensure their own survival.

power politics: The practice of using power to influence or control the actions of others, often associated with the competitive nature of international relations under realism.

national interest:

The goals or objectives of a nation, particularly regarding security, economic prosperity, and political power, which realism posits should guide state behavior in the international arena.