Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Definition

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. ADHD is often diagnosed in childhood and can affect educational, occupational, and social success throughout life, making it a significant concern in the study of developmental disorders of the nervous system.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. ADHD affects approximately 5-10% of children worldwide and often continues into adulthood.
2. Symptoms of ADHD can be categorized into two main types: inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive, with some individuals exhibiting a combination of both.
3. Genetics play a significant role in the development of ADHD, with research indicating a hereditary component that can increase the risk among family members.
4. Environmental factors, such as prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke or high levels of lead, have also been linked to an increased risk of developing ADHD.
5. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical for managing ADHD effectively, as they can help improve outcomes related to academic performance, social interactions, and emotional regulation.

Review Questions

• How do the symptoms of ADHD impact a child's educational experience?
  • Children with ADHD often face challenges in the classroom due to difficulties with attention and impulse control. These symptoms can lead to problems completing assignments, following instructions, and maintaining focus during lessons. As a result, children with ADHD may struggle academically and require additional support or accommodations to help them succeed in their educational environment.
• Evaluate the role of genetics versus environmental factors in the development of ADHD.
  • The development of ADHD is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Studies show that genetics plays a significant role, as individuals with a family history of ADHD are at a higher risk. However, environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to harmful substances or psychosocial stressors can also contribute to the disorder's onset. Understanding this interplay helps inform prevention strategies and targeted interventions.
• Synthesize how early intervention strategies can alter the long-term outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ADHD.
  • Early intervention strategies for individuals with ADHD, such as behavioral therapies and educational support, can significantly enhance their long-term outcomes. By addressing the core symptoms early on, these interventions can improve academic performance, foster better social relationships, and develop coping strategies for emotional regulation. This proactive approach not only supports immediate needs but also equips individuals with essential skills for navigating challenges throughout their lives.

Related terms

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A group of disorders that result from disruptions in the development of the central nervous system, leading to issues in behavior, learning, and communication.

Executive Functioning: Cognitive processes that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control, which are often impaired in individuals with ADHD.

Behavioral Interventions: Strategies designed to improve specific behaviors or skills in individuals with ADHD, focusing on reinforcing positive behavior and addressing negative behavior.