Contamination

Definition

Contamination refers to the introduction of unwanted substances or materials into an environment, which can compromise the integrity of archaeological samples and data. In the context of dating methods, contamination can significantly affect the accuracy and reliability of age determinations, as foreign materials may be mixed with the samples being analyzed.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Contamination can occur through natural processes, such as soil movement or water intrusion, as well as human activities during excavation and analysis.
2. Even small amounts of contamination can lead to significant errors in dating results, making it critical to maintain rigorous standards in sample handling.
3. Different types of dating methods have varying sensitivities to contamination; for instance, radiocarbon dating is particularly affected by modern carbon contamination.
4. Preventive measures, like using clean tools and controlled environments, are essential in archaeological practices to minimize contamination risks.
5. Identifying and assessing potential contamination sources is a vital step in ensuring the validity of environmental archaeological research.

Review Questions

• How does contamination impact the reliability of dating methods in environmental archaeology?
  • Contamination affects the reliability of dating methods by introducing extraneous materials into the samples being analyzed. This can skew results, leading to inaccurate age determinations. For example, if modern carbon contaminates a sample intended for radiocarbon dating, it may suggest a more recent date than the actual artifact. This highlights the importance of proper sample collection and preservation techniques.
• Evaluate the strategies that can be implemented to prevent contamination during archaeological excavations.
  • To prevent contamination during excavations, archaeologists can employ several strategies. These include using sterilized tools and containers, conducting work in controlled environments, and training field staff on best practices for sample handling. Additionally, maintaining clear separation between different contexts within a site helps reduce cross-contamination. Implementing these strategies ensures that samples remain uncontaminated and that dating results are accurate.
• Synthesize how understanding contamination enhances the interpretation of environmental archaeological data.
  • Understanding contamination is crucial for enhancing the interpretation of environmental archaeological data because it informs researchers about potential biases in their findings. When archaeologists recognize how contamination can alter dating results, they become better equipped to critically analyze their data. This synthesis allows for more accurate reconstructions of past environments and human activities, ultimately leading to more reliable conclusions about historical timelines and cultural developments.

Related terms

Carbon Dating: A radiometric dating method that measures the decay of carbon-14 in organic materials to estimate their age.

Stratigraphy:

The study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification) which is crucial in understanding the chronological sequence of archaeological deposits.

Sample Integrity: The preservation of the original characteristics and context of a sample, which is essential for accurate analysis and interpretation.