U.S imperialism

Definition

U.S. imperialism refers to the policy and practice of extending the influence and control of the United States over foreign territories and peoples, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This era marked a significant transformation in America's role on the global stage, as it transitioned from a nation focused primarily on continental expansion to one that sought overseas colonies and influence, driven by economic interests, strategic considerations, and a belief in American superiority.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. U.S. imperialism gained momentum after the Spanish-American War in 1898, which showcased America's military power and resulted in significant territorial acquisitions.
2. Economic motivations played a crucial role in U.S. imperialism, as American businesses sought new markets for their goods and access to raw materials.
3. The idea of racial superiority and a sense of duty to civilize 'lesser' nations were often used to justify imperialist actions by U.S. leaders.
4. Key events such as the annexation of Hawaii in 1898 reflect how U.S. imperialism was not only about military conquest but also about economic control and influence.
5. Resistance against U.S. imperialism emerged in various forms, such as the Philippine-American War, where Filipino revolutionaries fought against American rule following the Spanish defeat.

Review Questions

• How did U.S. imperialism reflect changes in American foreign policy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
  • U.S. imperialism marked a shift from a primarily isolationist stance to an active involvement in global affairs. During this period, America began to seek colonies and exert control over foreign territories, influenced by economic interests and the desire to compete with European powers. This change was evident in conflicts like the Spanish-American War, which signaled America's emergence as a world power and its willingness to use military force to protect its interests abroad.
• In what ways did economic factors drive U.S. imperialist policies during this era?
  • Economic factors were central to U.S. imperialist policies as American industries sought new markets for surplus goods and sources for raw materials. The need for expanded trade opportunities pushed the U.S. to acquire territories like Puerto Rico and Guam after the Spanish-American War. Additionally, business leaders promoted open markets abroad, leading to policies such as the Open Door Policy in China, aimed at ensuring American access to international trade without direct territorial control.
• Evaluate the impact of U.S. imperialism on both American society and the countries affected by this expansion during this period.
  • The impact of U.S. imperialism was profound for both American society and the nations involved. Domestically, it fostered a sense of national pride and unity as Americans rallied around their country's new role as a global power. However, it also sparked debates over morality and ethics regarding expansionism, leading to divisions among Americans. For affected countries, U.S. imperialism often resulted in significant social and political upheaval, resistance movements against foreign control, and long-lasting consequences on their governance and economies as they navigated their new status under American influence.

Related terms

Manifest Destiny:

The 19th-century doctrine that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its territory across North America.

Spanish-American War:

A conflict in 1898 between the United States and Spain, resulting in U.S. intervention in Cuba and the acquisition of territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Open Door Policy:

A diplomatic approach initiated by the U.S. in 1899 to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China and prevent any single power from monopolizing Chinese trade.