Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Definition

The Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries refer to a transformative period in American history characterized by rapid industrialization, significant waves of immigration, and increasing engagement in global imperialism. This era saw the United States evolve from a primarily agrarian society to an industrial powerhouse, shaping its economy and social fabric while also responding to the challenges and opportunities presented by an influx of immigrants and its emerging role on the world stage.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. This period marked the rise of major industries, such as steel, railroads, and textiles, transforming the U.S. economy and workforce.
2. Significant immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe occurred during this time, leading to diverse cultural influences but also sparking tensions over assimilation and identity.
3. The U.S. began to assert itself as an imperial power, driven by economic interests and a desire for overseas markets, culminating in events like the Spanish-American War in 1898.
4. Labor movements gained momentum as workers organized strikes and unions to demand better wages and working conditions in response to harsh industrial practices.
5. Progressive reforms emerged in the early 20th century, addressing social issues like corruption, labor rights, and women's suffrage, reflecting the growing awareness of social justice.

Review Questions

• How did industrialization during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries impact urbanization and social structures in America?
  • Industrialization during this period led to a massive shift from rural areas to urban centers as people sought jobs in factories. Cities grew rapidly, creating new social dynamics with crowded living conditions and diverse populations. This urbanization changed traditional family structures and societal norms, as many families adapted to new economic realities while facing challenges such as poverty and social inequality.
• In what ways did nativism shape public policy towards immigrants in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?
  • Nativism significantly influenced public policy during this era by fostering a hostile environment for immigrants, particularly those from Southern and Eastern Europe. Anti-immigrant sentiments led to restrictive immigration laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and later legislation that limited immigration based on nationality. These policies reflected fears about job competition, cultural differences, and a perceived threat to American values.
• Evaluate how American exceptionalism influenced the United States' foreign policy during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries.
  • American exceptionalism shaped U.S. foreign policy by instilling a belief that America had a unique role to play in promoting democracy and capitalism around the world. This ideology justified expansionist actions, such as territorial acquisitions following the Spanish-American War. As a result, the U.S. began to intervene more in international conflicts under the pretext of spreading democracy, fundamentally altering its role on the global stage during this transformative period.

Related terms

Industrialization:

The process of transitioning from an agrarian economy to one based on manufacturing and industry, significantly impacting urbanization and labor patterns.

Nativism:

A political policy or ideology that favors the interests of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants, often leading to discrimination and exclusionary practices.

American Exceptionalism:

The idea that the United States has a unique mission to spread democracy and freedom, influencing its foreign policy decisions during the era of imperialism.