Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Definition

The Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries were a period marked by significant social, political, and economic changes across Europe and beyond, including the rise of industrialization, imperialism, and the beginning of decolonization movements. This era saw the expansion of empires, the growth of nationalism, and the challenges to colonial rule, which would eventually lead to waves of independence in various regions around the world.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. During this period, many European powers expanded their empires across Africa and Asia, leading to the 'Scramble for Africa' and increased competition among nations.
2. The industrial revolution profoundly changed economies, leading to urbanization, labor movements, and demands for workers' rights and reforms.
3. The concept of nationalism gained strength as various ethnic groups sought self-determination, contributing to tensions that would lead to conflicts in colonial territories.
4. World War I (1914-1918) was a significant outcome of the political tensions and alliances formed during the late 19th century, ultimately reshaping global power dynamics.
5. Decolonization efforts gained momentum after World War II as colonized nations began to assert their independence, influenced by the ideologies that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Review Questions

• How did nationalism emerge as a powerful force in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?
  • Nationalism emerged as a powerful force during this period due to a growing sense of identity among various ethnic groups seeking self-determination. The impact of imperialism created resentment toward colonial powers and fostered a desire for independence. Additionally, events such as wars and revolutions contributed to nationalistic sentiments as people rallied for their rights and sovereignty against foreign control.
• Evaluate the relationship between industrialization and imperialism during the Late 19th Century.
  • Industrialization and imperialism were closely interconnected during the Late 19th Century. The technological advancements from industrialization created a demand for raw materials, which fueled imperial expansion into Africa and Asia. Additionally, the need for new markets for manufactured goods prompted European nations to establish colonies. This relationship not only drove economic interests but also justified imperialistic endeavors through notions of racial superiority.
• Assess how social changes during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries set the stage for decolonization movements in the mid-20th century.
  • Social changes during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries, such as increased literacy rates, labor movements, and exposure to ideas about democracy and rights, played a crucial role in laying the groundwork for decolonization. As colonized peoples became more aware of their rights and the inequalities of colonial rule, they began to organize resistance movements. The ideologies of nationalism and self-determination that gained traction during this era inspired future generations to fight for independence from colonial powers following World War II.

Related terms

Imperialism:

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means, often leading to the domination of other nations.

Nationalism:

A strong identification with and pride in one's nation, often leading to the desire for independence from colonial rule or unification with similar groups.

Social Darwinism:

A theory that applied the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, justifying imperialism and racial superiority during this period.