Middle Kingdom

Definition

The Middle Kingdom refers to a period in ancient Egyptian history spanning from approximately 2055 to 1650 BCE, characterized by political stability, cultural revival, and significant developments in literature, art, and religion. This era is notable for its emphasis on the afterlife, reflected in funerary practices and texts that shaped beliefs about death and the journey to the hereafter.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Middle Kingdom is often referred to as the 'Golden Age' of literature and art, with an increase in literary works such as wisdom literature and poetry.
2. During this time, pharaohs were seen not just as rulers but also as shepherds of their people, emphasizing their role in maintaining Ma'at.
3. The Middle Kingdom saw the construction of massive temple complexes and pyramids that were less grand than those of the Old Kingdom but focused more on functionality and accessibility.
4. The Book of the Dead began to take shape during this period, serving as a guide for the deceased in navigating the afterlife.
5. Foreign relations expanded during the Middle Kingdom, with trade networks reaching into neighboring regions, enhancing cultural exchanges and economic stability.

Review Questions

• How did the concept of Ma'at influence governance and society during the Middle Kingdom?
  • Ma'at was fundamental to Egyptian society during the Middle Kingdom as it embodied truth, balance, and cosmic order. Pharaohs were expected to uphold Ma'at to maintain social harmony and justify their rule. This principle not only influenced political decisions but also shaped societal norms, encouraging justice and ethical behavior among citizens. As a result, governance was closely tied to maintaining Ma'at, reinforcing the connection between religion and statecraft.
• Discuss the evolution of funerary practices during the Middle Kingdom and their significance in relation to beliefs about the afterlife.
  • Funerary practices underwent significant changes during the Middle Kingdom, marked by a greater focus on ensuring a safe passage to the afterlife. Elaborate burial rites became common, including the use of coffins adorned with spells from the early forms of what would become known as The Book of the Dead. These practices reflected evolving beliefs about Osiris as a key figure in resurrection and rebirth, emphasizing the importance of preparing for an eternal existence beyond death.
• Evaluate how literature produced during the Middle Kingdom reflects changes in Egyptian society's views on life and death.
  • Literature from the Middle Kingdom showcases profound reflections on existential themes such as mortality and moral conduct. Works like 'The Instructions of Amenemope' reveal a society increasingly preoccupied with wisdom and ethics, promoting ideas that were essential for a successful afterlife. As concepts surrounding Osiris evolved, narratives often centered on the journey after death became prominent. This literary output indicates a broader cultural shift towards introspection regarding life's transitory nature and highlights how these perspectives were crucial in shaping funerary texts that guided individuals in their final journeys.

Related terms

Ma'at: The ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, and cosmic order, which was central to their understanding of justice and governance during the Middle Kingdom.

Osiris:

The Egyptian god of the afterlife and resurrection, whose myths became increasingly important during the Middle Kingdom as beliefs about death evolved.

Funerary Practices: Rituals and customs surrounding death and burial that became more elaborate during the Middle Kingdom, reflecting a growing focus on the afterlife.