Aurelian

Definition

Aurelian was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 270 to 275 CE and is known for his efforts to restore the Roman Empire during the turbulent period of the third century crisis. He successfully reunited the fragmented empire, defended its borders against external threats, and initiated significant economic reforms. His reign is marked by military successes and attempts to stabilize the empire's economy, making him a pivotal figure in the restoration of Roman strength.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Aurelian is often credited with bringing an end to the crisis of the third century by reuniting the Eastern and Western parts of the Roman Empire.
2. He was known for his military campaigns against various groups, including the Goths and the Palmyrene forces led by Queen Zenobia.
3. Aurelian introduced a new coinage system called the 'aurelianus' to combat inflation and stabilize the economy.
4. His reign saw significant construction projects, including the completion of the Aurelian Walls around Rome, enhancing its defenses.
5. Aurelian was assassinated in 275 CE by his own officials, which led to further instability in the empire after his death.

Review Questions

• How did Aurelian's military campaigns contribute to the reunification of the Roman Empire during his reign?
  • Aurelian's military campaigns were crucial in reuniting the Roman Empire as he successfully defeated several external threats and internal usurpers. His victories over groups like the Goths helped secure the empire's borders while his campaign against Queen Zenobia of Palmyra restored control over vital trade routes in the east. This combination of military prowess and strategic victories played a key role in stabilizing a fragmented empire during a period marked by chaos.
• Evaluate Aurelian's economic reforms and their impact on the stability of the Roman Empire.
  • Aurelian's economic reforms were significant in addressing rampant inflation and restoring confidence in Roman currency. By introducing a new coinage system known as the 'aurelianus,' he aimed to create a more stable monetary system which facilitated trade and strengthened the economy. These reforms were essential in laying the groundwork for economic recovery during a time when Rome faced severe financial challenges.
• Analyze how Aurelian’s policies and military successes influenced subsequent rulers of Rome after his assassination.
  • Aurelian's policies and military successes set a precedent for subsequent rulers who would inherit an empire still facing internal strife. His focus on military strength and economic stability became a model for later emperors, emphasizing the need for a strong central authority to maintain order. After his assassination, while there were challenges in governance, Aurelian’s legacy influenced future leaders to adopt similar strategies for unification and reform, ultimately paving the way for a more resilient Roman Empire in later decades.

Related terms

Third Century Crisis: A period of political instability, economic decline, and military challenges faced by the Roman Empire during the 3rd century CE, marked by frequent changes of emperors and invasions.

Palmyra: An ancient city in present-day Syria that served as a major trade center and was ruled by Queen Zenobia during Aurelian's time, notable for its conflict with the Roman Empire.

Economic Reforms: Changes implemented during Aurelian's reign aimed at stabilizing and reviving the Roman economy, including monetary reforms to address inflation and improve trade.