The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart and covers its valves. It is composed of a thin layer of endothelial cells that provide a smooth lining for the heart's interior to facilitate efficient blood flow.
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The pericardium is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of its major vessels, serving to protect and lubricate the heart to reduce friction during its movements.
Valves: Heart valves are flap-like structures within the heart that open and close with each heartbeat to regulate one-way blood flow through the heart chambers