Phillis Wheatley

Definition

Phillis Wheatley was the first published African American female poet, whose work was celebrated in the 18th century for its literary merit and political significance. Her poetry often addressed themes of freedom, faith, and identity, reflecting both her personal experiences as an enslaved woman and broader issues of race and liberty in colonial America.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Wheatley was born in West Africa around 1753 and brought to America as an enslaved child, where she was purchased by the Wheatley family who recognized her intellectual gifts.
2. Her first collection of poems, 'Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral,' was published in 1773, making her the first African American to publish a book.
3. Wheatley's work gained the attention of prominent figures like George Washington, who praised her poetry and advocated for her freedom.
4. Her poetry often included themes of Christianity and enlightenment ideals, using classical references to argue for the dignity and rights of enslaved people.
5. Despite her success, Wheatley faced limitations due to her race and gender, highlighting the struggles of African American women in literature during her time.

Review Questions

• How did Phillis Wheatley's life experiences shape her poetry and its themes?
  • Phillis Wheatley's experiences as an enslaved African American woman deeply influenced her poetry. Her work often reflects themes of freedom, faith, and identity, showcasing her struggle for liberty in a society that marginalized her. By integrating classical references and Christian imagery, she used her writing to navigate her complex identity while advocating for the dignity of all people, effectively turning her personal narrative into a broader commentary on race and humanity.
• In what ways did Wheatley's work contribute to the emergence of African American literature during the colonial period?
  • Wheatley's work marked a significant milestone in the emergence of African American literature by demonstrating that black voices could produce high-quality literary art. Her publication challenged contemporary notions about race and intellect, paving the way for future African American writers. By blending Neoclassical forms with personal reflections on slavery and freedom, she created a distinct voice that influenced both African American and American literature more broadly.
• Evaluate the impact of Phillis Wheatley's poetry on contemporary discussions about race, gender, and literary value.
  • Phillis Wheatley's poetry continues to resonate in contemporary discussions about race, gender, and literary value by providing a foundational example of how marginalized voices can challenge societal norms. Her ability to articulate complex themes within the constraints imposed by her race and gender illustrates the ongoing struggle for representation in literature. Scholars today examine her work not only for its artistic merit but also for its critical role in shaping dialogues about identity and power dynamics in literature that persist in modern discourse.

Related terms

Enslavement: The condition in which individuals are owned by others, deprived of personal freedom and forced to work without compensation.

Neoclassicism: An artistic and literary movement that drew inspiration from classical antiquity, emphasizing order, clarity, and reason, which influenced Wheatley's poetic style.

Rhetoric: The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, which Wheatley skillfully employed in her poetry to convey her messages.