🎭Opera Unit 10 – 20th Century Opera: Strauss to Britten

Key Composers and Works

• Richard Strauss composed influential operas such as Salome (1905), Elektra (1909), and Der Rosenkavalier (1911)
• Giacomo Puccini's works, including Madama Butterfly (1904), La fanciulla del West (1910), and Turandot (1926), exemplify verismo style
  • Turandot remained unfinished at Puccini's death and was completed by Franco Alfano
• Alban Berg's Wozzeck (1925) and Lulu (1937) are notable examples of atonal operas
• Benjamin Britten's operas, such as Peter Grimes (1945), Billy Budd (1951), and The Turn of the Screw (1954), are significant contributions to the English opera repertoire
• Igor Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress (1951) showcases neoclassical style and collaboration with librettist W.H. Auden
• Sergei Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges (1921) and War and Peace (1946) demonstrate his distinctive compositional style
• Dmitri Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (1934) faced political controversy in the Soviet Union

Stylistic Developments

• Verismo opera emphasized realism and contemporary subjects, as seen in works by Puccini and Mascagni
• Expressionism in opera, exemplified by Berg's Wozzeck, used atonality and dissonance to convey psychological depth
  • Expressionist works often explored dark themes and inner turmoil of characters
• Neoclassicism, as in Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, involved a return to classical forms and aesthetics
• Britten's operas showcased a distinctive English style, incorporating elements of folk music and a keen sense of dramaturgy
• Strauss's works evolved from post-Wagnerian chromaticism to a more melodic and accessible style in his later operas
• Experimentation with new harmonic languages, such as serialism and atonality, became more prevalent
• Increased use of leitmotifs and through-composed structures blurred the boundaries between aria and recitative

Historical and Cultural Context

• The early 20th century saw significant political and social upheavals, including World War I and the Russian Revolution
• The rise of fascism and World War II had a profound impact on composers and their works
  • Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth faced censorship under Stalin's regime
• The post-war period brought a renewed interest in opera as a means of cultural expression and commentary
• Advancements in technology, such as improved lighting and stage machinery, influenced stagecraft and production design
• Changing social norms and attitudes were reflected in the subject matter and themes of operas
• The emergence of new musical movements, such as modernism and avant-garde, challenged traditional operatic conventions
• Increased globalization facilitated the exchange of ideas and styles among composers and librettists

Musical Innovations

• Expanded orchestration and use of unconventional instruments, such as the heckelphone in Strauss's Salome
• Experimentation with atonality and dissonance, particularly in the works of Berg and Schoenberg
• Use of extended vocal techniques, such as Sprechstimme in Berg's Lulu, to convey heightened emotional states
• Incorporation of jazz and popular music elements, as in Weill's The Threepenny Opera (1928)
• Increased use of leitmotifs and thematic development to create cohesive musical narratives
  • Strauss's operas are known for their complex and psychologically revealing leitmotifs
• Exploration of new harmonic languages, such as bitonality and polytonality, to create unique soundscapes
• Innovative use of rhythm and meter, as in Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale (1918), which influenced his later operatic works

Libretto and Storytelling

• Collaboration between composers and prominent literary figures, such as Strauss and Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Britten and E.M. Forster
• Adaptation of literary works, such as Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (1902) based on Maeterlinck's play, and Prokofiev's War and Peace based on Tolstoy's novel
• Exploration of psychological depth and inner conflicts of characters, particularly in expressionist works like Wozzeck
• Use of symbolism and allegory to address social and political issues, as in Shostakovich's The Nose (1930)
• Incorporation of myth and folklore, as in Stravinsky's Oedipus Rex (1927) and Bartók's Bluebeard's Castle (1918)
• Experimentation with non-linear narratives and unconventional story structures, as in Berg's Lulu
• Increased focus on character development and motivation, often through the use of leitmotifs and musical characterization

Performance Practices

• Advances in staging technology allowed for more elaborate and realistic sets and special effects
  • Strauss's Salome featured a striking final scene with the titular character kissing the severed head of John the Baptist
• Emphasis on acting and dramatic interpretation, with singers expected to embody their roles convincingly
• Collaboration between composers and stage directors to create cohesive and impactful productions
• Experimentation with lighting design to enhance mood and atmosphere, as in the stark contrasts used in expressionist works
• Incorporation of dance and movement, particularly in works influenced by ballet, such as Stravinsky's The Firebird (1910)
• Increased use of multimedia elements, such as film projections, in later 20th-century productions
• Exploration of unconventional performance spaces and site-specific productions to create immersive experiences

Critical Reception and Legacy

• Many works initially faced controversy and mixed reception due to their avant-garde nature and challenging subject matter
  • Strauss's Salome and Berg's Wozzeck were met with both praise and scandal at their premieres
• Operas of this period have since become established in the repertoire and are recognized for their musical and dramatic innovations
• The works of Strauss, Puccini, and Britten have remained particularly popular with audiences and critics alike
• The influence of 20th-century opera can be seen in the works of later composers, such as Philip Glass and John Adams
• Revivals and reinterpretations of these operas continue to offer fresh perspectives and showcase their enduring relevance
• Critical scholarship has explored the social, political, and psychological themes embedded in these works
• The legacy of 20th-century opera is characterized by its boldness, experimentation, and pushing of artistic boundaries

Notable Productions and Recordings

• The 1905 premiere of Strauss's Salome, conducted by the composer himself, at the Dresden Court Opera
• The 1925 Berlin premiere of Berg's Wozzeck, directed by Erich Kleiber, which established the work's significance
• The 1951 world premiere of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice
• The 1945 premiere of Britten's Peter Grimes at Sadler's Wells Theatre in London, which marked a major milestone in British opera
• Notable recordings include Georg Solti's 1961 Decca recording of Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier with the Vienna Philharmonic
• Claudio Abbado's 1994 Deutsche Grammophon recording of Berg's Wozzeck with the Vienna State Opera
• Benjamin Britten's own 1958 Decca recording of his opera Peter Grimes, featuring Peter Pears in the title role
• The 1990 Metropolitan Opera production of Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, directed by Graham Vick and conducted by James Conlon