Waves Properties to Know for Physical Science

Waves are all around us, carrying energy through sound, light, and more. Understanding their properties—like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency—helps us grasp how they interact with different mediums and influence our daily experiences in the physical world.

1. Amplitude

   • Represents the maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position.
   • Higher amplitude means more energy is carried by the wave.
   • In sound waves, amplitude correlates with loudness; in light waves, it relates to brightness.

2. Wavelength

   • The distance between two consecutive points in phase on a wave (e.g., crest to crest).
   • Determines the type of wave; shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies.
   • In sound, wavelength affects pitch; in light, it influences color.

3. Frequency

   • The number of complete waves that pass a point in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
   • Higher frequency means more energy and shorter wavelength.
   • In sound, frequency determines pitch; in electromagnetic waves, it affects energy levels.

4. Period

   • The time it takes for one complete wave cycle to pass a given point, measured in seconds.
   • Inversely related to frequency; as frequency increases, the period decreases.
   • Important for understanding wave behavior in various mediums.

5. Wave speed

   • The speed at which a wave travels through a medium, calculated as wave speed = frequency × wavelength.
   • Varies depending on the medium (e.g., faster in solids than in liquids or gases).
   • Essential for predicting how waves will behave in different environments.

6. Reflection

   • The bouncing back of a wave when it encounters a barrier or a different medium.
   • The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
   • Important in understanding how sound and light waves interact with surfaces.

7. Refraction

   • The bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
   • Causes phenomena such as the bending of light in water or the distortion of objects underwater.
   • Critical for understanding lenses and optical devices.

8. Diffraction

   • The spreading of waves when they encounter an obstacle or pass through a narrow opening.
   • More pronounced with longer wavelengths; can lead to interference patterns.
   • Important in applications like sound wave propagation and the behavior of light.

9. Interference

   • The phenomenon that occurs when two or more waves overlap, resulting in a new wave pattern.
   • Can be constructive (amplitudes add) or destructive (amplitudes subtract).
   • Key concept in understanding sound quality, light patterns, and wave interactions.

10. Resonance

    • The amplification of a wave when it matches the natural frequency of a system.
    • Can lead to increased amplitude and energy transfer, as seen in musical instruments.
    • Important in engineering and design, as it can cause structures to vibrate dangerously.