Nutrient deficiency diseases occur when the body lacks essential vitamins and minerals, leading to various health issues. Understanding these deficiencies is crucial in nutrition, as they highlight the importance of a balanced diet for overall well-being.
-
Iron deficiency anemia
- Caused by insufficient iron intake, leading to reduced hemoglobin production.
- Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
- Common in women of childbearing age, children, and individuals with poor dietary intake.
-
Vitamin A deficiency (night blindness, xerophthalmia)
- Leads to impaired vision, particularly in low light (night blindness).
- Severe deficiency can cause xerophthalmia, a condition that can result in blindness.
- Important for immune function and skin health; found in foods like carrots and leafy greens.
-
Iodine deficiency disorders (goiter)
- Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production; deficiency can lead to goiter (enlarged thyroid).
- Symptoms may include swelling in the neck and hormonal imbalances.
- Common in areas with low iodine in the soil; iodized salt is a primary prevention method.
-
Vitamin D deficiency (rickets, osteomalacia)
- Leads to rickets in children (softening of bones) and osteomalacia in adults.
- Symptoms include bone pain, muscle weakness, and increased risk of fractures.
- Vitamin D is obtained from sunlight, certain foods, and supplements.
-
Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency)
- Characterized by fatigue, swollen gums, joint pain, and anemia.
- Vitamin C is crucial for collagen synthesis and immune function.
- Commonly found in fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits.
-
Beriberi (Thiamine/Vitamin B1 deficiency)
- Affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems; symptoms include weakness, nerve damage, and heart issues.
- Common in populations with high rice consumption and low thiamine intake.
- Thiamine is found in whole grains, legumes, and pork.
-
Pellagra (Niacin/Vitamin B3 deficiency)
- Characterized by the "three D's": dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.
- Often associated with a diet low in niacin and tryptophan, particularly in corn-based diets.
- Niacin is found in meat, fish, and whole grains.
-
Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)
- Leads to pernicious anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and neurological issues.
- Common in vegetarians, vegans, and older adults due to absorption issues.
- Found in animal products; supplementation may be necessary for those at risk.
-
Zinc deficiency
- Symptoms include impaired immune function, hair loss, and delayed wound healing.
- Important for growth, development, and overall health; found in meat, shellfish, and legumes.
- Common in populations with low dietary intake or absorption issues.
-
Protein-energy malnutrition (kwashiorkor, marasmus)
- Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema, irritability, and liver enlargement due to protein deficiency.
- Marasmus results from overall energy deficiency, leading to severe weight loss and muscle wasting.
- Common in areas with food scarcity and inadequate dietary protein intake.