Agustín de Iturbide was a Mexican general and politician who played a key role in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. He is most well-known for leading the final campaign against Spanish colonial rule, resulting in the establishment of an independent Mexico in 1821. Iturbide's leadership and subsequent declaration as Emperor of Mexico marked a significant moment in the history of Spanish North America, as it shifted the region from colonial governance to a quest for national identity.
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Iturbide initially fought for the Spanish crown during the early stages of the Mexican War of Independence before switching sides to lead the independence movement.
He played a critical role in uniting both conservative and liberal factions through his Plan of Iguala, which emphasized religion, independence, and equality among citizens.
Iturbide declared himself Emperor of Mexico in 1822, attempting to create a strong centralized government, but his reign was marked by controversy and resistance from different political groups.
His rule was short-lived; he abdicated in early 1823 due to political pressure and opposition, leading to the establishment of the First Mexican Republic.
Despite his controversial legacy, Iturbide is celebrated as a national hero in Mexico for his contributions to achieving independence from Spain.
Review Questions
How did Agustín de Iturbide's background influence his role in Mexico's fight for independence?
Iturbide’s military experience initially aligned him with Spanish loyalists during the early conflicts of the Mexican War of Independence. However, as he witnessed the turmoil and shifting allegiances throughout the war, he recognized the potential for a unified independent Mexico. His understanding of military strategy combined with his connections allowed him to lead forces effectively against colonial rule, ultimately transforming him into a pivotal figure in securing independence.
Evaluate the impact of Iturbide's Plan of Iguala on the outcome of the Mexican War of Independence.
The Plan of Iguala was crucial as it established a framework that brought together disparate groups who had previously fought on opposite sides during the war. By advocating for key principles such as Catholicism as the state religion, equality among citizens, and independence from Spain, Iturbide successfully united conservative and liberal factions. This unity not only facilitated military success but also paved the way for political discussions about governance in post-independence Mexico.
Analyze how Agustín de Iturbide's reign as emperor shaped Mexico's national identity in the early 19th century.
Iturbide’s reign significantly influenced Mexico’s national identity by introducing concepts of sovereignty and centralized governance following independence. His attempt to establish a constitutional monarchy aimed to stabilize the new nation amidst internal conflicts and external pressures. However, his authoritarian style led to widespread dissent and ultimately contributed to his downfall. This turbulent transition highlighted the challenges Mexico faced in defining its identity and governance structure post-colonial rule.
Related terms
Mexican War of Independence: A revolutionary conflict from 1810 to 1821, where various factions fought against Spanish colonial rule, ultimately leading to Mexico's independence.
Plan of Iguala: A declaration made by Iturbide in 1821 that outlined the principles of Mexican independence, promoting unity among different factions and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
The short-lived empire established by Iturbide after independence, which lasted from 1821 to 1823 before he was overthrown and Mexico became a republic.