Transduction

Definition

Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage, a type of virus that infects bacteria. This mechanism allows for genetic exchange and diversity among bacterial populations, playing a crucial role in horizontal gene transfer. It can result in the incorporation of new traits into the bacterial genome, impacting functions such as antibiotic resistance or metabolic capabilities.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Transduction can be classified into two main types: generalized and specialized transduction, depending on how the genetic material is transferred.
2. In generalized transduction, any part of the bacterial genome can be transferred, while in specialized transduction, only specific genes near the prophage integration site are moved.
3. Bacteriophages play an essential role in transduction by packaging bacterial DNA into their capsids during the lytic cycle, facilitating gene transfer.
4. Transduction contributes to genetic diversity in bacterial populations, which can lead to new phenotypes and adaptations, such as increased virulence or resistance to antibiotics.
5. This process is significant for biotechnological applications, including the development of viral vectors for gene delivery in genetic engineering and gene therapy.

Review Questions

• How does transduction contribute to genetic diversity in bacterial populations?
  • Transduction introduces new genetic material into bacterial populations through bacteriophages that transfer DNA from one bacterium to another. This genetic exchange can lead to new traits being expressed, such as antibiotic resistance or enhanced metabolic capabilities. As bacteria acquire these new genes through transduction, it increases their adaptability and survival chances in changing environments.
• Discuss the differences between generalized and specialized transduction and their implications for gene transfer.
  • Generalized transduction involves the transfer of any bacterial DNA segment by a bacteriophage, leading to random integration of genes into the recipient bacterium's genome. In contrast, specialized transduction transfers only specific genes located near the site where the phage's DNA integrates into the host genome. The implications are significant; generalized transduction allows for broader genetic variation, while specialized transduction can enhance traits tied to specific functions or characteristics of the bacteria.
• Evaluate the role of transduction in developing viral vectors for gene therapy and its potential impact on medical treatments.
  • Transduction has been harnessed to create viral vectors that efficiently deliver therapeutic genes into human cells for gene therapy. By modifying bacteriophages or other viruses to carry desired genes, researchers can target specific cells and introduce beneficial genetic material. This approach has the potential to treat various genetic disorders by correcting defective genes or providing new functions, showcasing how understanding viral mechanisms can lead to innovative medical treatments and improved patient outcomes.

Related terms

Bacteriophage: A virus that specifically infects bacteria, often used in transduction to transfer genetic material between bacterial cells.

Horizontal Gene Transfer:

The transfer of genetic material between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction, including transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Lysogenic Cycle: A phase in the life cycle of certain bacteriophages where the viral DNA integrates into the host bacterial genome and can be passed on to daughter cells during replication.