Human nature

Definition

Human nature refers to the inherent characteristics, instincts, and behaviors that define humans. In the context of philosophical discussions, especially those influenced by Rousseau, human nature is often explored in relation to the state of nature, social contracts, and the development of society. Understanding human nature involves examining what is essential to humanity—such as emotions, desires, and social instincts—and how these traits interact with the structures of society.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Rousseau believed that in the state of nature, humans were peaceful, solitary, and lived simple lives without the corrupting influence of society.
2. He argued that human nature is shaped significantly by societal structures and that civilization often leads to inequality and moral decay.
3. Rousseau's view contrasts with other philosophers like Hobbes, who believed human nature is inherently selfish and competitive.
4. The concept of 'noble savage' posits that humans are best understood as naturally good beings who become tainted by societal influences.
5. Understanding human nature is crucial for evaluating the legitimacy and effectiveness of social contracts and government authority.

Review Questions

• How does Rousseau's view of human nature differ from that of other philosophers like Hobbes?
  • Rousseau's view of human nature emphasizes the idea that humans are naturally good and peaceful in their original state, a concept he explores through the notion of the 'noble savage.' In contrast, Hobbes sees human nature as inherently selfish and competitive, believing that individuals act primarily out of self-interest. This fundamental disagreement affects their perspectives on the necessity and purpose of government, with Rousseau advocating for a social contract that aims to preserve individual freedom while fostering community welfare.
• What role does the state of nature play in understanding human nature according to Rousseau?
  • The state of nature serves as a critical framework for Rousseau's analysis of human nature. By envisioning a pre-societal existence where humans lived in simplicity and peace, Rousseau illustrates his belief that societal development introduces corruption and inequality. This theoretical condition highlights how inherent characteristics like compassion and cooperation can be overshadowed by societal influences, emphasizing the need for a social contract that respects these fundamental traits while establishing governance.
• Evaluate how Rousseau's ideas about human nature impact contemporary discussions on morality and governance.
  • Rousseau's insights into human nature prompt a reevaluation of contemporary moral and political philosophies. His belief that humans are inherently good yet corrupted by society encourages a critical analysis of modern governance structures, questioning whether they truly reflect our natural tendencies towards compassion and cooperation. These ideas advocate for systems that prioritize individual freedom while fostering communal bonds, influencing current debates about social justice, equality, and the ethical responsibilities of governments towards their citizens.

Related terms

State of Nature:

A theoretical condition that describes human existence prior to the establishment of organized societies and governments.

Social Contract:

An agreement among individuals to form a society and accept certain moral and political obligations in exchange for the benefits of collective living.

Noble Savage: A concept attributed to Rousseau that suggests humans are inherently good and pure in their natural state, becoming corrupted by society.