Sumer

Definition

Sumer refers to one of the earliest known civilizations, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia, which is present-day Iraq. This ancient civilization is recognized for its significant contributions to human history, including the development of writing, urbanization, and advanced governmental structures. Sumer's innovations laid the groundwork for subsequent cultures in the region and played a pivotal role in shaping early human societies.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Sumer is credited with inventing the first form of writing, cuneiform, around 3200 BCE, which revolutionized record-keeping and communication.
2. The Sumerians built impressive city-states characterized by large urban centers, complex social structures, and significant architectural achievements like ziggurats.
3. Agriculture in Sumer was highly advanced, with the use of irrigation systems that allowed them to cultivate crops like barley and wheat in the arid climate.
4. Sumerian society was organized into classes, including priests, nobles, commoners, and slaves, reflecting a structured social hierarchy.
5. The Sumerians made significant advancements in various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, and law, contributing to future civilizations' knowledge and governance.

Review Questions

• How did Sumerian innovations in writing and architecture impact their society and influence later civilizations?
  • Sumerian innovations like cuneiform writing and monumental architecture greatly influenced their society by facilitating complex administration and cultural expression. Cuneiform allowed for the documentation of laws, trade transactions, and literature, fostering communication and record-keeping. Meanwhile, ziggurats served not only as religious centers but also symbolized political power, influencing later architectural styles across Mesopotamia and beyond.
• Discuss the significance of agriculture and irrigation systems in the development of Sumerian civilization.
  • Agriculture and irrigation systems were vital for Sumer's development as they allowed for reliable food production in an otherwise arid environment. The implementation of irrigation enabled Sumerians to cultivate surplus crops, which supported a growing population and led to urbanization. This agricultural abundance was crucial in establishing trade networks and complex social hierarchies, ultimately paving the way for a stable civilization.
• Evaluate the lasting impacts of Sumerian achievements on modern society, particularly in the areas of governance and science.
  • Sumerian achievements have had profound impacts on modern society, especially in governance and science. The concept of a written legal code emerged from their legal practices, influencing contemporary legal systems. Additionally, advancements in mathematics and astronomy from Sumer laid foundational principles for various scientific disciplines today. Their innovations in urban planning and administrative organization continue to inform modern governmental structures and city management.

Related terms

Cuneiform: The writing system developed by the Sumerians, characterized by wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets.

Ziggurat: A massive structure built in ancient Mesopotamia, serving as a temple complex and a center of worship in Sumerian cities.

City-state: An independent, self-governing city that also controls surrounding territory; Sumer was comprised of several city-states, such as Ur and Uruk.