Social Darwinism

Definition

Social Darwinism is a theory that applies the concept of natural selection from biology to human societies, suggesting that some groups or individuals are inherently superior to others. This idea has often been used to justify social inequality, imperialism, and discrimination against certain racial or ethnic groups, arguing that the 'fittest' should thrive while the 'weaker' should be left to fail.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Social Darwinism gained popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influencing various social policies and political ideologies.
2. The theory was often misused to promote racist ideologies, suggesting that certain races were naturally superior and more deserving of power and resources.
3. Key figures associated with Social Darwinism include Herbert Spencer, who coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest,' applying it to social contexts.
4. The ideas of Social Darwinism have been discredited by modern science but still impact discussions about inequality and race in society today.
5. Social Darwinism contributed to justifying colonialism, as imperial powers argued that they were civilizing 'inferior' races through conquest and control.

Review Questions

• How did Social Darwinism influence societal views on race and class during its peak in the late 19th century?
  • Social Darwinism influenced societal views by promoting the idea that certain races and classes were biologically superior to others, leading to widespread acceptance of racial hierarchies. This ideology justified discriminatory practices and policies, asserting that 'weaker' groups were naturally destined to fail while 'stronger' groups had the right to dominate. It played a critical role in shaping public opinion about issues like immigration, poverty, and colonialism.
• Discuss the ethical implications of applying natural selection concepts to human societies as proposed by Social Darwinism.
  • The ethical implications of Social Darwinism are profound, as it raises questions about morality, justice, and human rights. By suggesting that some individuals or groups deserve to thrive while others should not receive help, it promotes a dangerous justification for inequality. This perspective can lead to harmful policies such as eugenics and disenfranchisement, violating fundamental principles of equality and compassion inherent in many moral frameworks.
• Evaluate the impact of Social Darwinism on modern discussions about race, class, and social policy.
  • The impact of Social Darwinism on modern discussions is significant as its legacy continues to influence perceptions of race and class today. Though widely discredited scientifically, remnants of this ideology can still be found in arguments around meritocracy and economic disparities. Discussions about systemic inequality often reflect a lingering belief in natural hierarchies among groups, complicating efforts for social justice and equality in contemporary society.

Related terms

Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, a key concept in evolutionary biology.

Eugenics:

A movement aimed at improving the genetic quality of a population, often associated with controversial practices and ideologies promoting selective breeding and sterilization.

Racial Hierarchy: A societal structure that ranks different races based on perceived superiority or inferiority, often influencing social norms and policies.