Second Temple Judaism

Definition

Second Temple Judaism refers to the religious and cultural practices of the Jewish people during the period from the construction of the Second Temple in 516 BCE until its destruction in 70 CE. This era was marked by a variety of beliefs, practices, and texts that shaped Jewish identity and laid the groundwork for later developments in both Judaism and Christianity, influencing theological concepts and community structures.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Second Temple Judaism saw the emergence of various sects such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes, each with distinct beliefs and practices.
2. The period was marked by significant interactions with Hellenistic culture, which influenced Jewish thought and literature.
3. Writings from this period include important texts like the Dead Sea Scrolls, which provide insight into diverse Jewish beliefs and practices.
4. The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE was a pivotal moment that transformed Jewish worship from a temple-based practice to one focused on synagogue and home rituals.
5. Second Temple Judaism played a crucial role in shaping early Christian thought, particularly through shared scriptures and eschatological beliefs.

Review Questions

• How did the various sects within Second Temple Judaism reflect different interpretations of religious authority and practice?
  • The various sects within Second Temple Judaism, such as the Pharisees and Sadducees, showcased differing views on religious authority. The Pharisees emphasized both written law and oral traditions, believing that these provided a more comprehensive understanding of God's will. In contrast, the Sadducees focused solely on the written Torah, rejecting oral laws and traditions. This division highlights how different interpretations of authority led to diverse religious practices and community identities within Judaism at that time.
• Analyze how Hellenistic culture influenced Second Temple Judaism's development, especially in terms of literature and philosophy.
  • Hellenistic culture significantly impacted Second Temple Judaism by introducing Greek language, philosophy, and ideas into Jewish thought. This cultural exchange led to the incorporation of Hellenistic concepts into Jewish literature, such as in works like the Septuagint, which translated Hebrew scriptures into Greek. Additionally, philosophical ideas from Hellenism influenced Jewish thinkers who sought to reconcile traditional beliefs with contemporary thought. This interaction resulted in a rich tapestry of theological discourse that shaped both Judaism and early Christianity.
• Evaluate the lasting impact of Second Temple Judaism on modern religious practices within Judaism and Christianity.
  • The legacy of Second Temple Judaism is profound and continues to influence modern religious practices within both Judaism and Christianity. For Jews, the transition from temple worship to synagogue-centered practices laid the foundation for contemporary Jewish ritual life. The focus on scripture, prayer, and community became central themes in Judaism post-70 CE. In Christianity, many theological concepts such as messianism, apocalyptic expectations, and ethical teachings have roots in Second Temple thought. This shared heritage emphasizes how this period was crucial in shaping the religious landscapes we see today.

Related terms

Pharisees: A prominent sect within Second Temple Judaism known for their strict adherence to the Torah and oral traditions, emphasizing the importance of both written and oral law.

Sadducees: An influential sect in Second Temple Judaism that held power in the Temple and rejected oral traditions, focusing primarily on the written Torah.

Apocalypticism: A religious belief system characterized by the expectation of an imminent end to the current age, often involving a final judgment and the establishment of God's kingdom, which gained prominence during Second Temple Judaism.