Transcendentalism

Definition

Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the early 19th century, emphasizing the inherent goodness of people and nature, the importance of individual intuition, and the belief that people can transcend the physical world through personal spiritual experiences. This movement significantly influenced American literature and culture, particularly through its focus on self-reliance and connection to nature, as seen in the works of notable figures like Walt Whitman.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Transcendentalism emerged as a reaction against the rigid doctrines of traditional religion and the Industrial Revolution's dehumanizing effects.
2. Walt Whitman, as a central figure in this movement, celebrated democracy, individuality, and the beauty of nature in his poetry, particularly in 'Leaves of Grass'.
3. The transcendentalists believed in the concept of an Oversoul, an idea that all beings are connected through a shared spiritual essence.
4. This movement significantly impacted American literature by promoting themes of nature, spirituality, and personal intuition over established religious beliefs.
5. Key gatherings and discussions took place at the Transcendental Club in Boston, which fostered collaboration among influential thinkers like Emerson and Thoreau.

Review Questions

• How did transcendentalism challenge existing societal norms in 19th-century America?
  • Transcendentalism challenged societal norms by promoting the idea that individuals could find truth and meaning through their own intuition rather than relying on traditional institutions like religion or government. It encouraged people to seek personal spiritual experiences and trust their inner voice. This emphasis on self-reliance and individual connection to nature was revolutionary at a time when society was heavily influenced by conformity and industrialization.
• Discuss how Walt Whitman's works exemplify the core principles of transcendentalism.
  • Walt Whitman's poetry exemplifies transcendentalism through its celebration of individuality and nature. In 'Leaves of Grass', he breaks away from conventional forms to express a sense of unity with the universe and the human experience. His verses often highlight themes of democracy, personal freedom, and the interconnectedness of all beings, embodying the transcendentalist belief in the inherent goodness of people and the importance of individual intuition.
• Evaluate the impact of transcendentalism on contemporary American thought and culture.
  • Transcendentalism has had a lasting impact on contemporary American thought and culture by promoting values such as environmentalism, individual rights, and spiritual exploration. Its emphasis on self-reliance laid the groundwork for later movements advocating for civil rights and social justice. The idea that individuals can find truth within themselves continues to resonate today, influencing various fields including literature, philosophy, psychology, and even modern environmental movements that emphasize harmony with nature.

Related terms

Emersonian Philosophy: The ideas of Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was a key figure in transcendentalism, focusing on self-reliance, the inherent goodness of individuals, and a deep connection to nature.

Romanticism: An artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature, serving as a backdrop to transcendentalist ideas and often overlapping with its themes.

Self-Reliance: An essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson that advocates for individualism and personal independence, embodying key principles of transcendentalism.