Short-term memory

Definition

Short-term memory is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a brief period, typically around 15 to 30 seconds. This type of memory plays a crucial role in processing language as it allows individuals to retain and manipulate information during discourse, such as remembering the context of a conversation or the content of a sentence before moving on to the next one.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Short-term memory can typically hold around 7 items (plus or minus 2), known as Miller's Law, which highlights its limited capacity.
2. Information in short-term memory can be retained longer through rehearsal, where individuals repeat the information to keep it active.
3. Short-term memory is essential for language comprehension as it allows individuals to track ongoing conversations and retain critical details.
4. The duration of short-term memory is short, generally lasting between 15 and 30 seconds without active maintenance or rehearsal.
5. Interference can disrupt short-term memory; distractions or new information can lead to forgetting previously held information.

Review Questions

• How does short-term memory contribute to effective discourse processing in conversations?
  • Short-term memory is vital for effective discourse processing as it enables individuals to hold onto key pieces of information while they engage in conversation. It allows them to remember the context and specific details of what has been said, facilitating back-and-forth exchanges. By keeping this information readily accessible, individuals can respond appropriately and build upon what has been discussed.
• Discuss how rehearsal strategies can enhance the retention of information in short-term memory during language tasks.
  • Rehearsal strategies, such as repeating or mentally practicing information, can significantly enhance retention in short-term memory. In language tasks, this might involve repeating words or phrases being processed in order to keep them active in memory while understanding or producing sentences. Such strategies help to prevent forgetting and maintain the flow of discourse by ensuring that critical details remain accessible throughout communication.
• Evaluate the implications of limited capacity in short-term memory for learning and communication in a multilingual context.
  • The limited capacity of short-term memory poses challenges for learning and communication in multilingual contexts, where individuals must juggle multiple languages and associated vocabulary. As they process information from different languages simultaneously, they may experience cognitive overload, leading to difficulties in understanding or recalling details. This limitation can affect fluency and comprehension, requiring learners to employ strategies like chunking or rehearsal more effectively to manage their cognitive load and improve communication across languages.

Related terms

working memory:

A cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information needed for complex tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.

long-term memory:

The part of the memory system that stores information indefinitely, allowing for the retrieval of past experiences and knowledge.

chunking:

A memory strategy that involves breaking down large pieces of information into smaller, manageable units to enhance retention and recall.