Wahhabism

Definition

Wahhabism is a conservative branch of Sunni Islam founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century, advocating a strict interpretation of the Quran and the Hadith. This movement emphasizes monotheism and seeks to purify Islam by rejecting practices viewed as innovations, particularly those influenced by Sufism. Its influence has been pivotal in shaping the ideological foundation of Saudi Arabia and has played a significant role in the broader dynamics of Middle Eastern politics.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Wahhabism emerged in the 18th century as a response to perceived moral decay and syncretism in Islamic practices, aiming for a return to strict monotheism.
2. The alliance between Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud laid the groundwork for modern Saudi Arabia, allowing Wahhabism to influence state ideology significantly.
3. Wahhabism has been criticized for its intolerance toward other Islamic sects and practices, often leading to sectarian tensions in the region.
4. The funding of Wahhabi institutions and mosques around the world by Saudi Arabia has spread its ideology beyond the Arabian Peninsula, impacting global Islamic discourse.
5. Wahhabism's strict interpretation of Islam has made it a point of contention in proxy conflicts, particularly as Iran promotes Shia Islam in opposition.

Review Questions

• How did the founding principles of Wahhabism influence the political structure of Saudi Arabia?
  • Wahhabism's emphasis on strict monotheism and rejection of innovations directly shaped Saudi Arabia's political structure by aligning religious authority with state governance. The House of Saud utilized Wahhabi ideology to legitimize their rule and foster social cohesion among their subjects. This symbiotic relationship solidified the intertwining of state and religion, making Wahhabism a fundamental component of Saudi identity and governance.
• In what ways has Wahhabism contributed to sectarian tensions within the Middle East?
  • Wahhabism's rigid interpretations often lead to a lack of tolerance for Shia Muslims and other Islamic sects, exacerbating sectarian tensions in countries like Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria. The promotion of Wahhabi doctrines can provoke violence against those seen as deviating from its tenets, intensifying conflicts in these regions. The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran is also fueled by these sectarian dynamics, with each country promoting its version of Islam.
• Evaluate the global impact of Wahhabism on Islamic movements and ideologies beyond Saudi Arabia.
  • Wahhabism's global impact can be seen through the proliferation of its funding for mosques and educational institutions worldwide, which have spread its conservative interpretations. This has contributed to the rise of movements that align with Wahhabi thought, influencing both mainstream Sunni Islam and extremist groups. The ideological reach of Wahhabism complicates international relations as it fosters both cooperation with some states while generating hostility from others who view its teachings as extremist.

Related terms

Salafism:

A movement within Sunni Islam that promotes a return to what adherents consider the purest form of Islam, emulating the beliefs and practices of the Salaf, or the earliest generations of Muslims.

House of Saud: The ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia, whose rise to power was significantly supported by Wahhabism, enabling them to establish and maintain their rule in the Arabian Peninsula.

Jihadism: A radical interpretation of jihad that advocates for armed struggle against perceived enemies of Islam, often linked to extremist groups that draw on Wahhabi teachings.