College Physics II – Mechanics, Sound, Oscillations, and Waves
Definition
Forced oscillations refer to the oscillatory motion of a system that is driven by an external force or periodic input, rather than by the system's own natural frequency. This type of oscillation occurs when a system is subjected to a continuous, time-varying force that causes it to vibrate at a frequency different from its natural frequency.
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Forced oscillations occur when a system is subjected to a continuous, time-varying external force, causing it to vibrate at a frequency different from its natural frequency.
The amplitude of forced oscillations depends on the frequency of the external driving force and the damping characteristics of the system.
Resonance occurs when the frequency of the external driving force matches the natural frequency of the system, leading to a significant increase in the amplitude of the oscillations.
Damping plays a crucial role in forced oscillations, as it determines the rate at which the system's oscillations decay over time.
Forced oscillations are commonly observed in various physical systems, such as mechanical systems, electrical circuits, and even in the motion of planets and stars.
Review Questions
Explain how the frequency of the external driving force affects the amplitude of forced oscillations.
The amplitude of forced oscillations is directly influenced by the frequency of the external driving force. When the frequency of the driving force is close to the natural frequency of the system, the system will experience resonance, leading to a significant increase in the amplitude of the oscillations. However, as the frequency of the driving force moves away from the natural frequency, the amplitude of the forced oscillations will decrease, as the system is no longer in resonance.
Describe the role of damping in the behavior of forced oscillations.
Damping plays a crucial role in the behavior of forced oscillations. Damping causes the amplitude of the oscillations to decrease over time, as energy is dissipated through friction or resistance. The level of damping in the system determines how quickly the oscillations will decay. In systems with high damping, the forced oscillations will quickly reach a steady-state amplitude, while in systems with low damping, the oscillations may continue for a longer period before reaching a steady state.
Analyze the differences between forced oscillations and the natural oscillations of a system.
The key difference between forced oscillations and natural oscillations is the source of the driving force. Natural oscillations are driven by the system's own internal properties, such as its mass, stiffness, and natural frequency, and occur without the presence of an external driving force. In contrast, forced oscillations are driven by an external, time-varying force that causes the system to vibrate at a frequency different from its natural frequency. The behavior of forced oscillations, including the amplitude and frequency, is directly influenced by the characteristics of the external driving force, as well as the damping and other properties of the system.
The frequency at which a system naturally oscillates when it is displaced from its equilibrium position and allowed to vibrate freely, without any external driving force.
The phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of the external driving force matches the natural frequency of the system, causing the amplitude of the oscillations to increase significantly.
The process by which the amplitude of an oscillating system decreases over time due to the dissipation of energy, such as through friction or resistance.