key term - Activating groups

Definition

Activating groups are substituents attached to an aromatic ring that increase its reactivity toward electrophilic aromatic substitution by donating electrons either through resonance or inductively. These groups enhance the electron density on the ring, making it more attractive to electrophiles.

Related terms

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution:

A type of chemical reaction where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring.

Electron Donating Groups (EDGs): Substituents that donate electron density towards another atom through resonance or inductive effects, often stabilizing positive charges.

Resonance:

A concept in chemistry where certain molecules or ions can be represented by two or more valid Lewis structures, contributing to the stability of the molecule