Cushing's Syndrome

Definition

Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This condition can result from the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands or from taking glucocorticoid medications, leading to various health complications. Key features include changes in body composition, such as weight gain and fat distribution, and other systemic effects that can impact overall health.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Cushing's syndrome can be classified into two main types: endogenous, caused by tumors or hyperplasia of the adrenal glands or pituitary gland (Cushing's disease), and exogenous, resulting from taking corticosteroid medications.
2. Common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome include a round face (moon facies), easy bruising, purple stretch marks (striae), increased body fat around the abdomen, and high blood pressure.
3. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests to measure cortisol levels (such as 24-hour urine free cortisol test), and imaging studies to locate tumors if present.
4. Management may include surgical intervention to remove tumors, medication to control cortisol production, or lifestyle modifications to address symptoms and improve health.
5. Cushing's syndrome can lead to serious complications such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections if not treated effectively.

Review Questions

• What are the main causes of Cushing's syndrome and how do they differ in terms of endogenous versus exogenous sources?
  • Cushing's syndrome is primarily caused by either endogenous or exogenous sources. Endogenous causes typically involve the body's own production of excess cortisol due to adrenal tumors or pituitary adenomas (Cushing's disease). In contrast, exogenous Cushing's syndrome arises from prolonged use of glucocorticoid medications for various medical conditions. Understanding these distinctions helps in determining the appropriate diagnostic approach and treatment options.
• Discuss the diagnostic methods used to confirm Cushing's syndrome and how they help differentiate it from other disorders.
  • The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome involves several diagnostic methods aimed at confirming elevated cortisol levels. Common tests include a 24-hour urine free cortisol test, late-night salivary cortisol test, and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. These tests help differentiate Cushing's syndrome from other disorders by specifically measuring cortisol production patterns and response to dexamethasone suppression. Imaging studies like CT or MRI may also be employed to identify any tumors affecting cortisol secretion.
• Evaluate the potential long-term health risks associated with untreated Cushing's syndrome and suggest strategies for patient education.
  • Untreated Cushing's syndrome can lead to significant long-term health risks, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis due to prolonged exposure to elevated cortisol levels. Patients should be educated about recognizing symptoms early on and understanding the importance of adhering to treatment plans. Strategies for patient education might include discussing lifestyle modifications such as maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in regular exercise to mitigate weight gain and strengthen bone health while emphasizing the need for regular follow-up appointments to monitor their condition.

Related terms

Cortisol: A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in metabolism, immune response regulation, and stress management.

Adrenal Glands: Two small glands located on top of each kidney that produce hormones including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline, essential for various bodily functions.

Hypercortisolism: A condition characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the blood, which can lead to symptoms associated with Cushing's syndrome.