Santur

Definition

The santur is a traditional stringed instrument originating from the Middle East, particularly prominent in Persian music. It consists of a trapezoidal wooden box with strings stretched across its length, which are played with mallets. The santur is not only integral to regional modal systems but also features prominently in various forms and genres of music.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The santur is believed to have ancient roots, with historical references found in texts dating back over 2,500 years.
2. This instrument typically has 72 strings, arranged in sets of three, each tuned to the same pitch, allowing for rich harmonics.
3. Mallets made from wood or rubber are used to strike the strings, producing a soft, resonant sound that is characteristic of Persian music.
4. In Persian classical music, the santur plays a key role in both solo performances and ensemble settings, often used for improvisational styles like Avaz.
5. Its construction and playing technique can vary regionally, leading to differences in sound and style across different cultures where the santur is played.

Review Questions

• How does the santur function within the modal systems found in Middle Eastern music?
  • The santur serves as an essential instrument within various modal systems, particularly in Persian music where it is commonly associated with the dastgah system. Its ability to produce intricate melodies allows musicians to explore the nuances of these modes through improvisation. By employing specific techniques and tunings, the santur can effectively express the emotional depth characteristic of Middle Eastern musical traditions.
• Compare and contrast the santur with another string instrument commonly used in Persian music, focusing on their roles and sound production methods.
  • When comparing the santur with the qanun, both are important string instruments in Persian music but differ significantly in structure and sound production. The santur has a trapezoidal shape with strings struck by mallets, producing a soft and melodic tone. In contrast, the qanun is played using fingers or plectra to pluck strings stretched over a rectangular frame. While both contribute to the harmonic richness of an ensemble, their distinct playing styles create unique textures and sounds within the musical landscape.
• Evaluate the impact of regional variations on the performance and significance of the santur within Middle Eastern musical traditions.
  • Regional variations greatly influence how the santur is performed and understood within Middle Eastern music. Different cultures have adapted the instrument's construction, tuning systems, and playing techniques, resulting in unique expressions of musical identity. For example, while the Persian santur emphasizes melodic intricacies through improvisation, other cultures may utilize it in folk traditions with distinct rhythmic patterns. This adaptability showcases not only the santur's versatility but also its role as a cultural bridge among diverse musical practices across the region.

Related terms

Dastgah: A system of modal scales in Persian music, similar to the concept of a scale or mode, that guides improvisation and composition.

Zarb: A type of frame drum used in Middle Eastern music, often played alongside string instruments like the santur.

Qanun: A large zither-like instrument commonly used in Middle Eastern music, featuring a similar playing technique to the santur.